Abiotrophia defectiva

(aka Streptococcus defectivus)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Abiotrophia defectiva, (aka Streptococcus defectivus), is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, coccus bacterium. It has been detected in at least 11 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 46.0-46.6%. Abiotrophia defectiva is probably a common, although minor, coloniser of the gut. (Bouvet1989; Christensen2001; Kawamura1995; Ezaki2011bBergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces, clinical sources (bacterial endocarditis, blood, wound - CCUG), human saliva and dental plaques. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread. It is an opportunistic pathogen. Is a known gut commensal. Robust growth can have negative consequences for gut health.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Bouvet1989); (Christensen2001); (Ezaki2011bBergey);
    Character Response
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • doesn't tolerate 6-10% salt;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • doesn't grow at 10℃; doesn't grow at 45℃;
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • fructose; fucose; glucose; mannose; maltose; pullulan; sucrose; trehalose;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • D-tagatose;
  • Active enzymes:
  • Ala-Phe-Pro arylamidase; α-galactosidase; β-galactosidase; leucine aminopeptidase; pyrrolidine arylamidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Christensen2001); (Ezaki2011bBergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • butyrate; lactate (major);
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • indole;
  • ✗
  • VP test:
  • not active
  • Haemolysis:
  • alpha
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Alberti2016); (Kanamoto2018); (Mushtaq2016); (Tuohy2000);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin; amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ampicillin; imipenem; penicillin G;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • ceftazidime;
  • Macrolides:
  • erythromycin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • gentamicin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • metronidazole;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • clindamycin;
  • GutFeeling KnowledgeBase COMMENTS [Website]

    Lagier, J.-C., Armougom, F., Million, M., Hugon, P., Pagnier, I., Robert, C., Bittar, F., Fournous, G., Gimenez, G., Maraninchi, M., Trape, J.-F., Koonin, E. V., La Scola, B., & Raoult, D. (2012). Microbial culturomics: paradigm shift in the human gut microbiome study. Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 18(12), 1185–1193.

    Agrawal, Upasana; Prabhu, M. Mukhyaprana (2019).

    https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Abiotrophia_defectiva

    https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1348-0421.12848

    Kawamura Y, Hou XG, Sultana F, Liu S, Yamamoto H, Ezaki T. Transfer of Streptococcus adjacens and Streptococcus defectivus to Abiotrophia gen. nov. as Abiotrophia adiacens comb. nov. and Abiotrophia defectiva comb. nov., respectively. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1995; 45:798-803.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Lactobacillales Family:  Aerococcaceae Genus:  Abiotrophia Alt. name:  Streptococcus defectivus Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Coccus
    Health:   Negative
    Source:  human faeces, clinical sources (bacterial endocarditis, blood, wound - CCUG), human saliva and dental plaques
    DNA G+C(%):  46.0-46.6
    Low T(℃):  10(neg)
    High T(℃):  45(neg)
    NaCl >6%:  6-10(neg)
    		Aesculin:  neg Urea:  neg Gelatin:  neg Hippurate:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    D-Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Fucose:  + D-Fucose:  neg Galactose:  neg Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  neg Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  d Xylose:  neg L-Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Gentiobiose:  neg Lactose:  neg Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + Turanose:  neg Amygdalin:  neg Dextrin:  neg Glycogen:  neg Inulin:  neg Starch:  neg Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  neg Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Xylitol:  neg Arbutin:  neg Gluconate:  neg 2-Ketogluconate:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  neg Me-α-D-Glc:  neg Me-α-D-Mann:  neg Me-Xyloside:  neg NAc-α-GA:  neg Salicin:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  neg Catalase:  neg Urease:  neg α-Fucosidase:  vr α-Galactosidase:  + β-Galactosidase:  + α-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  neg β-Mannosidase:  neg ArgDH:  neg GluDC:  neg LeuAP:  + AlanineAA:  neg AlaPheProAA:  + GluGluAA:  neg GlyAA:  neg LeuAA:  neg LeuGlyAA:  neg PyrrolidAA:  + AlkalineP:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Butyrate:  + Lactate:  Major(+) Indole:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  SensRNG: (0.016-0.25)
    Augmentin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.015-2)
    ampicillin:  SensRNG: (0.016-0.5)
    penicillin_G:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.03-1)
    piperacillin:  RNG: (1-4)
    imipenem:  SensRNG: (0.125-0.25)
    cefaclor:  RNG: (0.125-32)
    cefalexin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.25->32)
    cefazolin:  RNG: (1-16)
    ceftazidime:  R(8-16)
    gentamicin:  R(16-64)
    azithromycin:  Var(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 8, RNG: (≤0.03->32)
    erythromycin:  S(MIC50): ≤0.03, MIC90: 2, RNG: (≤0.03-16)
    ciprofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: >8, RNG: (≤0.5->8)
    levofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.25-8)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    minocycline:  RNG: (0.032-16)
    tetracycline:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.125-32)
    vancomycin:  S(0.25)
    metronidazole:  R(MIC50): 32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.125->32)
    SXT:  Var(MIC50): 0.016->256), MIC90: Var(0.016->256
    clindamycin:  S(MIC50): ≤0.03, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.03->32)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR ABIOTROPHIA DEFECTIVA
  • Agrawal2019 - Abiotrophia defectiva: A Rare but Critical Cause of Infective Endocarditis.
  • Alberti2016 - Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Abiotrophia defectiva, Granulicatella adiacens, and Granulicatella elegans.
  • Bouvet1989 - Streptococcus defectivus sp. nov. and Streptococcus adjacens sp. nov., Nutritionally Variant Streptococci from Human Clinical Specimens.
  • Christensen2001 - Granulicatella and Abiotrophia Species from Human Clinical Specimens.
  • Kanamoto2018 - Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Oral Isolates of Abiotrophia and Granulicatella According to the Consensus Guidelines for Fastidious Bacteria.
  • Kawamura1995 - Transfer of Streptococcus adjacens and Streptococcus defectivus to Abiotrophia gen. nov. as Abiotrophia adiacens comb. nov. and Abiotrophia defectiva comb. nov., Respectively.
  • Mushtaq2016 - Differential Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Granulicatella adiacens and Abiotrophia defectiva.
  • OharaNemoto1997 - Identification of Abiotrophia adiacens and Abiotrophia defectiva by 16S rRNA gene PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.
  • Tuohy2000 - Antimicrobial susceptibility of Abiotrophia adiacens and Abiotrophia defectiva.
  • Ezaki2011bBergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Aerococcaceae, Genus II. Abiotrophia
  • Cassir2015 - Clostridium butyricum Strains and Dysbiosis Linked to Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Neonates
  • Coretti2018 - Gut Microbiota Features in Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR ABIOTROPHIA DEFECTIVA
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Cassir2015 - Clostridium butyricum Strains and Dysbiosis Linked to Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Neonates
  • De2020 - Metagenomic analysis of gut microbiome and resistome of diarrheal fecal samples from Kolkata, India, reveals the core and variable microbiota including signatures of microbial dark matter.
  • Hu2019 - The Gut Microbiome Signatures Discriminate Healthy From Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • Qin2012 - Metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Yang2020 - Species-Level Analysis of Human Gut Microbiota With Metataxonomics.
  • Yang2020a - Establishing high-accuracy biomarkers for colorectal cancer by comparing fecal microbiomes in patients with healthy families
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR ABIOTROPHIA DEFECTIVA
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
    • Added: April 08, 2021