Achromobacter denitrificans

(aka Alcaligenes denitrificans)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Achromobacter denitrificans, (aka Alcaligenes denitrificans), is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, strictly aerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 3 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 69.1%. Achromobacter denitrificans is likely to be transient and not a long-term gut coloniser. (Coenye2003; Vandamme2016; Busse2005Bergey; Ruger1983)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces, soil and clinical specimens (sputum, urine - CCUG). The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread. Can cause opportunistic infections, particularly in immunocompromised people. Likely to be transient and not a long-term gut commensal.
    • QUIRKS
  • Some strains can utilise acetamide. Borderline cold mesophile, so unlikely to be a gut coloniser.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Coenye2003); (Vandamme2016); (Busse2005Bergey); (Ruger1983);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • aesculin;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • tolerates 4.5% salt; doesn't tolerate 6% salt;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • grows at 10℃; grows at 42℃; Grows optimally at 24℃.
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • alanine; D-alanine; aspartate; glutamate; phenylalanine; proline; threonine; acetate; aconitate; adipate; azelate; butyrate; citrate; fumarate; glutarate; 3-hydroxybutyrate; itaconate; 2-ketoglutarate; DL-lactate; malate; L-malate; phenylacetate; pimelate; propionate; pyruvate; saccharate; sebacate; suberate; succinate; meso-tartrate; glutamine;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • glycerol; β-alanine; γ-aminobutyrate; δ-aminovalerate; L-citrulline; cysteine; glycine; histidine; isoleucine; DL-kynurenine; leucine; lysine; ornithine; serine; tryptamine; tryptophan; tyrosine; valine; benzoate; caprate; caproate; caprylate; citraconate; glycerate; glycolate; heptanoate; 3-hydroxybenzoate; isobutyrate; isovalerate; maleate; malonate; L-mandelate; mesaconate; nonanoate; D-tartrate; L-tartrate; valerate;
  • Active enzymes:
  • catalase; Leu arylamidase; oxidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Vandamme2016); (Busse2005Bergey); (Ruger1983);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • ammoniatrace;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • H₂S; indole;
  • ✓
  • VP test:
  • active
  • ✗
  • Haemolysis:
  • absent
  • ✓
  • Nitrate:
  • reduced
  • ✓
  • Nitrite:
  • reduced
  • ✓
  • NO3➔NO2:
  • reduced
  • ✗
  • Pigments:
  • not produced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Isler2020); (Busse2005Bergey);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • imipenem; penicillin; piperacillin-tazobactam;
  • Heterocycles:
  • trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole;

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Proteobacteria Class:  Betaproteobacteria Order:  Burkholderiales Family:  Alcaligenaceae Genus:  Achromobacter Alt. name:  Alcaligenes denitrificans Gram stain:  neg O2 Relation.:  strictly aerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod Pigment:  neg
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces, soil and clinical specimens (sputum, urine - CCUG)
    DNA G+C(%):  69.1
    Opt. T:  24℃
    Low T(℃):  10(+)
    High T(℃):  42(+)
    NaCl 3-5%:  4.5(+)
    NaCl >6%:  6(neg)
    		Aesculin:  + Urea:  neg Gelatin:  neg Starch:  neg Casein:  neg Alginate:  neg Chitin:  neg DNA:  neg Tween:  80(neg)
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  neg Glucose:  neg Mannose:  neg Rhamnose:  neg Xylose:  neg L-Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Lactose:  neg Maltose:  neg Sucrose:  neg Trehalose:  neg Amygdalin:  neg Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Glycerol:  neg Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  neg NAc-α-GA:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  neg Fucose:  neg Galactose:  neg Glucose:  neg D-Lyxose:  neg Mannose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  neg Gentiobiose:  neg Maltose:  neg Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  neg Sucrose:  neg D-Turanose:  neg Trehalose:  neg Adonitol:  neg Amygdalin:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Arbutin:  neg Aesculin:  neg Ethanolamine:  neg Glycerol:  d Glycogen:  neg Inulin:  neg Mannitol:  neg Ala:  + D-Ala:  + β-Ala:  d 4-Aminobutyrate:  d 5-Aminovalerate:  d Arg:  neg Asp:  + Betaine:  neg L-Citrulline:  d Cys:  d Glu:  + Gly:  d Histamine:  neg His:  d Ile:  d DL-Kynurenine:  d Leu:  d Lys:  d Met:  neg Norleucine:  neg Orn:  d Phe:  + Pro:  + Sarcosine:  neg Ser:  d Thr:  + Tryptamine:  d Trp:  d Tyr:  d Val:  d Acetate:  + Aconitate:  + Adipate:  + Azelate:  + Benzoate:  d Butyrate:  + Caprate:  d Caproate:  d Caprylate:  d Citraconate:  d Citrate:  + Fumarate:  + Glutarate:  + Glycerate:  d Glycolate:  d Heptanoate:  d 3-Hydroxybutyrate:  + 3-Hydroxybenzoate:  d 4-Hydroxybenzoate:  neg Isobutyrate:  d Isovalerate:  d Itaconate:  + 2-Ketogluconate:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  neg DL-Lactate:  + Malate:  + L-Malate:  + Maleate:  d Malonate:  d L-Mandelate:  d Mesaconate:  d Nonanoate:  d Phenylacetate:  + Pimelate:  + Propionate:  + Pyruvate:  + Quinate:  neg Saccharate:  + Sebacate:  + Suberate:  + Succinate:  + D-Tartrate:  d L-Tartrate:  d Valerate:  d
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  + Catalase:  + Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  neg α-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  neg α-Mannosidase:  neg ArgDH:  neg Chymotrypsin:  neg LysDC:  neg OrnDC:  neg Phe deaminase:  neg Trypsin:  neg CystineAA:  neg LeuAA:  + ValAA:  neg AlkalineP:  neg AcidP:  vr DNAse:  neg Esterase(C4):  vr EstLip(C8):  vr Lipase:  neg Lipase(C14):  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		H2S:  neg Ammonia:  trace Indole:  neg Pigment:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    penicillin:  Sens
    piper-taz:  Sens
    imipenem:  Sens
    ceftazidime:  Var(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 32, RNG: (1->32)
    ciprofloxacin:  Var
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    SXT:  Sens

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR ACHROMOBACTER DENITRIFICANS
  • Coenye2003 - Kerstersia gyiorum gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel Alcaligenes faecalis-like organism isolated from human clinical samples, and reclassification of Alcaligenes denitrificans Ruger and Tan 1983 as Achromobacter denitrificans comb. nov.
  • Isler2020 - Achromobacter Infections and Treatment Options.
  • Vandamme2016 - Taxonomic dissection of Achromobacter denitrificans Coenye et al. 2003 and proposal of Achromobacter agilis sp. nov., nom. rev., Achromobacter pestifer sp. nov., nom. rev., Achromobacter kerstersii sp. nov. and Achromobacter deleyi sp. nov.
  • Busse2005Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 2, The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta-, and Epsilonproteobacteria Part C. Family Alcaligenaceae, Genus II. Achromobacter
  • Ruger1983 - Separation of Alcaligenes denitrificans sp. nov., nom. rev. from Alcaligenes faecalis on the Basis of DNA Base Composition, DNA Homology, and Nitrate Reduction
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    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR ACHROMOBACTER DENITRIFICANS
  • Finegold1977 - Fecal microbial flora in Seventh Day Adventist populations and control subjects.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
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    • Added: April 08, 2021