Achromobacter xylosoxidans

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Achromobacter xylosoxidans is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, strictly aerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 4 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 64-70%. Achromobacter xylosoxidans is probably a rare gut coloniser. (Reverdy1984; Busse2005Bergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces, clinical specimens (sputum - CCUG), water and soil. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread. It is an opportunistic pathogen. Is a known gut commensal.
    • QUIRKS
  • Phototrophic.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Reverdy1984); (Busse2005Bergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • starch;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • tolerates 3-4.5% salt; doesn't tolerate 6.5% salt;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • grows at 42℃;
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • D-arabinose; galactose; glucose; xylose;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • galactose; gluconate; glucose; xylose; alanine; D-alanine; aspartate; glutamate; histidine; isoleucine; leucine; phenylalanine; proline; serine; threonine; valine; acetate; aconitate; adipate; azelate; butyrate; caprate; citraconate; citrate; fumarate; glutarate; 3-hydroxybutyrate; isobutyrate; isovalerate; itaconate; 2-ketogluconate; 2-ketoglutarate; DL-lactate; malate; L-malate; mesaconate; phenylacetate; pimelate; propionate; sebacate; suberate; succinate; meso-tartrate; valerate; glutamine; acetamide;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • arabinose; fructose; glycerol; β-alanine; γ-aminobutyrate; δ-aminovalerate; L-citrulline; cysteine; glycine; DL-kynurenine; lysine; ornithine; tryptamine; tryptophan; tyrosine; benzoate; caproate; caprylate; glycerate; heptanoate; maleate; nonanoate; pyruvate; D-tartrate;
  • Active enzymes:
  • alkaline phosphatase; acid phosphatase; catalase; Leu arylamidase; oxidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Reverdy1984); (Busse2005Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • ammoniatrace;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • H₂S; indole;
  • ✗
  • Methyl red test:
  • not active
  • ✓
  • VP test:
  • active
  • ✗
  • ONPG test:
  • not active
  • ✗
  • Haemolysis:
  • absent
  • ✓
  • Nitrate:
  • reduced
  • ✓
  • Nitrite:
  • reduced
  • ✓
  • NO3➔NO2:
  • reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Isler2020); (Reverdy1984); (Busse2005Bergey); (Goldstein2003a);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • ampicillin-sulbactam; doripenem; imipenem; meropenem; penicillin;
  • amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ampicillin; aztreonam; penicillin G;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefazolin; cefepime; cefotetan; cefuroxime;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • doxycycline; tigecycline;
  • tetracycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • ciprofloxacin; ofloxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • amikacin; gentamicin; netilmycin; tobramycin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole;
  • fosfomycin; nitrofurantoin; sulfamethoxazole;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • polymyxin B;
  • clindamycin;

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Proteobacteria Class:  Betaproteobacteria Order:  Burkholderiales Family:  Alcaligenaceae Genus:  Achromobacter Gram stain:  neg O2 Relation.:  strictly aerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces, clinical specimens (sputum - CCUG), water and soil
    DNA G+C(%):  64-70
    High T(℃):  42(+)
    NaCl 3-5%:  3-4.5(+)
    NaCl >6%:  6.5(neg)
    		Aesculin:  neg Urea:  neg Gelatin:  neg Starch:  + Casein:  neg Alginate:  neg Chitin:  neg DNA:  neg Milk:  neg Tween:  80(neg)
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg D-Arabinose:  + L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  neg Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Rhamnose:  neg Xylose:  + Cellubiose:  neg Lactose:  neg Maltose:  neg Sucrose:  neg Trehalose:  neg Amygdalin:  neg Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Arabinose:  d L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  d Fucose:  neg Galactose:  + Glucose:  + D-Lyxose:  neg Mannose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  + Gentiobiose:  neg Maltose:  neg Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  neg Sucrose:  neg D-Turanose:  neg Trehalose:  neg N_Acetyl_glucosamine:  neg Adonitol:  neg Amygdalin:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Arbutin:  neg Ethanolamine:  neg Gluconate:  + Glycerol:  d Glycogen:  neg Inulin:  neg Ala:  + D-Ala:  + β-Ala:  d 4-Aminobutyrate:  d 5-Aminovalerate:  d Asp:  + Betaine:  neg L-Citrulline:  d Cys:  d Glu:  + Gly:  d Histamine:  neg His:  + Ile:  + DL-Kynurenine:  d Leu:  + Lys:  d Met:  neg Norleucine:  neg Orn:  d Phe:  + Pro:  + Sarcosine:  neg Ser:  + Thr:  + Tryptamine:  d Trp:  d Tyr:  d Val:  + Acetate:  + Aconitate:  + Adipate:  + Azelate:  + Benzoate:  d Butyrate:  + Caprate:  + Caproate:  d Caprylate:  d Citraconate:  + Citrate:  + Fumarate:  + Glutarate:  + Glycerate:  d Glycolate:  neg Heptanoate:  d 3-Hydroxybutyrate:  + 3-Hydroxybenzoate:  neg 4-Hydroxybenzoate:  neg Isobutyrate:  + Isovalerate:  + Itaconate:  + 2-Ketogluconate:  + DL-Lactate:  + Malate:  + L-Malate:  + Maleate:  d Malonate:  neg L-Mandelate:  neg Mesaconate:  + Nonanoate:  d Phenylacetate:  + Pimelate:  + Propionate:  + Pyruvate:  d Sebacate:  + Suberate:  + Succinate:  + D-Tartrate:  d L-Tartrate:  neg Valerate:  +
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  + Catalase:  + Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  neg α-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  neg α-Mannosidase:  neg ArgDH:  neg LysDC:  neg OrnDC:  neg Phe deaminase:  neg LeuAA:  + ValAA:  neg AlkalineP:  + AcidP:  + DNAse:  neg Esterase(C4):  vr EstLip(C8):  vr Lipase:  neg Lipase(C14):  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		H2S:  neg Ammonia:  trace Indole:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    Augmentin:  R(MIC50): >16, MIC90: >16, RNG: (1–>16)
    ampicillin:  Var(MIC50): R), MIC90: Var(R
    amp-sulb:  Var(MIC50): S), MIC90: Var(S
    azlocillin:  RNG: (0.125-128)
    aztreonam:  Res
    penicillin:  Sens
    penicillin_G:  R(MIC50): >16, MIC90: >16, RNG: (>16)
    piperacillin:  RNG: (0.125-128)
    piper-taz:  Var
    doripenem:  Var(MIC50): S), MIC90: Var(S
    imipenem:  Var(MIC50): S), MIC90: Var(S
    meropenem:  Sens
    cefamandole:  RNG: (8-64)
    cefazolin:  Res
    cefepime:  Res
    cefoperazone:  RNG: (1-64)
    cefotetan:  Res
    ceftazidime:  RNG: (2-32)
    cefuroxime:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.5–>32)
    moxalactam:  RNG: (0.5-32)
    amikacin:  Res
    gentamicin:  Res
    netilmycin:  Res
    tobramycin:  Res
    ciprofloxacin:  Res
    gatifloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.03–16)
    levofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.06–>16)
    moxifloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.015–>16)
    ofloxacin:  Res
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  Var(MIC50): S), MIC90: Var(S
    minocycline:  RNG: (0.125-16)
    tetracycline:  Res
    tigecycline:  Var(MIC50): S), MIC90: Var(S
    rifampicin:  RNG: (8-128)
    chloramphenicol:  Sens
    fosfomycin:  Res
    nitrofurantoin:  Res
    sulfamethoxazole:  Res
    SXT:  Sens
    clindamycin:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (4–>32)
    novobiocin:  RNG: (4-64)
    colistin:  RNG: (4-128)
    polymyxin_B:  Sens

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR ACHROMOBACTER XYLOSOXIDANS
  • Hu2015 - Genomic insights into intrinsic and acquired drug resistance mechanisms in Achromobacter xylosoxidans.
  • Isler2020 - Achromobacter Infections and Treatment Options.
  • Otta2014 - Achromobacter xylosoxidans: a rare pathogen for community-acquired acute pancreatitis.
  • Reverdy1984 - Nosocomial colonization and infection by Achromobacter xylosoxidans.
  • Busse2005Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 2, The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta-, and Epsilonproteobacteria Part C. Family Alcaligenaceae, Genus II. Achromobacter
  • Goldstein2003a - In vitro activities of ABT-492, a new fluoroquinolone, against 155 aerobic and 171 anaerobic pathogens isolated from antral sinus puncture specimens from patients with sinusitis.
  • Holmes1977 - Strains of Achromobacter xylosoxidans from clinical material.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR ACHROMOBACTER XYLOSOXIDANS
  • Forster2019 - A human gut bacterial genome and culture collection for improved metagenomic analyses.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
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    • Added: April 08, 2021