Acinetobacter baumannii

(aka Acinetobacter genomospecies 2)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Acinetobacter baumannii, (aka Acinetobacter genomospecies 2), is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, strictly aerobic, variably-motile, diplococci bacterium. It has been detected in at least 8 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 40-43%. Acinetobacter baumannii is likely to be transient and not a long-term gut coloniser. (Bouvet1986; Juni2005Bergey; Terekhov2018)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces (Dijkshoorn2005), clinical specimens (blood, urine, sputum - CCUG) and the environment. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread. Is a known human pathogen. Likely to be transient and not a long-term gut commensal.
    • QUIRKS
  • Obligate aerobe; unlikely to be a gut coloniser.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Bouvet1986); (Juni2005Bergey);
    Character Response
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • grows at 15℃; grows at 44℃; Grows optimally at 33-35℃.
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • glucose;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • L-arabinose; ethanol; melibiose; alanine; β-alanine; γ-aminobutyrate; arginine; aspartate; histidine; leucine; ornithine; phenylalanine; proline; trigonelline; tyrosine; acetate; aconitate; adipate; azelate; butyrate; citrate; glutarate; 4-hydroxybenzoate; DL-lactate; malate; malonate; phenylacetate; 2,3-butanediol; putrescine; tricarballylate;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • D-malate;
  • Active enzymes:
  • catalase; γ-Glu transferase; xylosidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Bouvet1986); (Juni2005Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • H₂S; indole;
  • ✗
  • VP test:
  • not active
  • ✗
  • ONPG test:
  • not active
  • ✗
  • Haemolysis:
  • absent
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
  • ✗
  • Nitrite:
  • not reduced
  • ✗
  • NO3➔NO2:
  • not reduced
  • ✗
  • Pigments:
  • not produced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Lee2017); (Koizumi2019); (Juni2005Bergey); (Goldstein2003a);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • piperacillin-tazobactam;
  • amoxicillin; amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ampicillin; aztreonam; ertapenem; penicillin G;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefepime; ceftazidime;
  • cefazolin; cefoxitin; cefpodoxime; cefuroxime; cephalothin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • tetracycline;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • gentamicin; tobramycin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole;
  • chloramphenicol; fosfomycin; nitrofurantoin; trimethoprim;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • clindamycin;

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Proteobacteria Class:  Gammaproteobacteria Order:  Pseudomonadales Family:  Moraxellaceae Genus:  Acinetobacter Alt. name:  Acinetobacter genomospecies 2 Gram stain:  neg O2 Relation.:  strictly aerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  vr Morphology:  Diplococci Pigment:  neg
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces (Dijkshoorn2005), clinical specimens (blood, urine, sputum - CCUG) and the environment
    DNA G+C(%):  40-43
    Opt. T:  33-35℃
    Low T(℃):  15(+)
    High T(℃):  44(+)
    		Aesculin:  neg Urea:  neg Gelatin:  neg DNA:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg Glucose:  + Rhamnose:  neg Sucrose:  neg Amygdalin:  neg Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  + Fructose:  neg Fucose:  neg D-Fucose:  neg Glucose:  neg D-Lyxose:  neg Mannose:  neg Rhamnose:  neg Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Gentiobiose:  neg Lactose:  neg Maltose:  neg Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  + Raffinose:  neg Sucrose:  neg D-Turanose:  neg Trehalose:  neg N_Acetyl_glucosamine:  neg Adonitol:  neg Amygdalin:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Arbutin:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Aesculin:  neg Ethanol:  + Glycerol:  neg Glycogen:  neg Inositol:  neg Inulin:  neg Mannitol:  neg Me-α-D-Glc:  neg Salicin:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Starch:  neg Xylitol:  neg Ala:  + β-Ala:  + 4-Aminobutyrate:  + 5-Aminovalerate:  neg Arg:  + Asp:  + Betaine:  neg L-Citrulline:  neg Gly:  neg Histamine:  neg His:  + Leu:  w(+) Lys:  neg Met:  neg Orn:  + Phe:  + Pro:  + Sarcosine:  neg Trigonelline:  d(+) Trp:  neg Tyr:  w(+) Acetate:  + Aconitate:  + Adipate:  + Azelate:  + Butyrate:  + Citrate:  w(+) Glutarate:  w(+) DL-Glycerate:  neg Glycolate:  neg 4-Hydroxybenzoate:  w(+) Itaconate:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  neg DL-Lactate:  + Malate:  + Maleate:  neg Malonate:  + L-Mandelate:  neg Mesaconate:  neg Phenylacetate:  w(+)
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  neg Catalase:  + Urease:  neg β-Galactosidase:  neg Xylosidase:  + ArgDH:  neg γ-Glu transf.:  + LysDC:  neg OrnDC:  neg Phe deaminase:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		H2S:  neg Indole:  neg Pigment:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  Res
    Augmentin:  R(MIC50): >16, MIC90: >16, RNG: (1–>16)
    ampicillin:  Res
    aztreonam:  Res
    penicillin_G:  R(MIC50): >16, MIC90: >16, RNG: (>16)
    piper-taz:  Sens
    ertapenem:  Res
    cefazolin:  Res
    cefepime:  Sens
    cefoxitin:  Res
    cefpodoxime:  Res
    ceftazidime:  Sens
    cefuroxime:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.5–>32)
    cephalothin:  Res
    gentamicin:  Sens
    tobramycin:  Sens
    ciprofloxacin:  Var
    gatifloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.03–16)
    levofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.06–>16)
    moxifloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.015–>16)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    tetracycline:  Sens
    chloramphenicol:  Res
    fosfomycin:  Res
    nitrofurantoin:  Res
    trimethoprim:  Res
    SXT:  Sens
    clindamycin:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (4–>32)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR ACINETOBACTER BAUMANNII
  • Bouvet1986 - Taxonomy of the Genus Acinetobacter with the Recognition of Acinetobacter baumannii sp. nov., Acinetobacter haemolyticus sp. nov., Acinetobacter johnsonii sp. nov., and Acinetobacter junii sp. nov. and Emended Descriptions of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Acinetobacter lwoffii.
  • Lee2017 - Biology of Acinetobacter baumannii: Pathogenesis, Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms, and Prospective Treatment Options.
  • Dijkshoorn2005 - Prevalence of Acinetobacter baumannii and other Acinetobacter spp. in faecal samples from non-hospitalised individuals.
  • Koizumi2019 - The clinical characteristics of Acinetobacter bacteremia differ among genomospecies: A hospital-based retrospective comparative analysis of genotypically identified strains.
  • Juni2005Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 2, The Gammaproteobacteria. Family Moraxellaceae, Genus II. Acinetobacter
  • Terekhov2018 - Ultrahigh-throughput functional profiling of microbiota communities.
  • Goldstein2003a - In vitro activities of ABT-492, a new fluoroquinolone, against 155 aerobic and 171 anaerobic pathogens isolated from antral sinus puncture specimens from patients with sinusitis.
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    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR ACINETOBACTER BAUMANNII
  • Almeida2019 - A new genomic blueprint of the human gut microbiota.
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • De2020 - Metagenomic analysis of gut microbiome and resistome of diarrheal fecal samples from Kolkata, India, reveals the core and variable microbiota including signatures of microbial dark matter.
  • Forster2019 - A human gut bacterial genome and culture collection for improved metagenomic analyses.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • Pandey2012 - Comparative analysis of fecal microflora of healthy full-term Indian infants born with different methods of delivery (vaginal vs cesarean): Acinetobacter sp. prevalence in vaginally born infants.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
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    • Added: April 08, 2021