Actinomyces graevenitzii

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Actinomyces graevenitzii is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 7 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. Actinomyces graevenitzii is probably a common, although minor, coloniser of the gut. (Ramos1997; Hansen2009)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces and human clinical specimens (sputum, abscess - CCUG). The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread. Can cause opportunistic infections, particularly in immunocompromised people. A possible gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Ramos1997); (Hansen2009);
    Character Response
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • fructose; galactose; glucose; lactose; maltose; sucrose; glycerol; inositol; 5-ketogluconate; N-Ac glucosamine;
  • Active enzymes:
  • Ala arylamidase; Ala-Phe-Pro arylamidase; acid phosphatase; N-Ac β-glucosaminidase; esterase C4; esterase lipase C8; β-galactosidase; Gly arylamidase; Leu arylamidase; Leu-Gly arylamidase; phosphoamidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Ramos1997); (Hansen2009);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • acetate; lactate; succinate;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • indole;
  • ✗
  • VP test:
  • not active
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
  • ✗
  • Pigments:
  • not produced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Barberis2017); (Valour2014); (Hansen2009); (Tyrrell2012);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin; ampicillin; imipenem; penicillin; penicillin G; piperacillin-tazobactam;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • doxycycline; tetracycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • ciprofloxacin; levofloxacin; moxifloxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • amikacin; kanamycin; neomycin; tobramycin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol;
  • fosfomycin; metronidazole; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • clindamycin; linezolid;

  • Eckburg, P. B., Bik, E. M., Bernstein, C. N., Purdom, E., Dethlefsen, L., Sargent, M., Gill, S. R., Nelson, K. E., & Relman, D. A. (2005). Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora. Science (New York, N.Y.), 308(5728), 1635–1638.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Actinobacteria Class:  Actinomycetia Order:  Actinomycetales Family:  Actinomycetaceae Genus:  Actinomyces Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Rod Pigment:  neg
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces and human clinical specimens (sputum, abscess - CCUG)
    		Aesculin:  neg Urea:  neg Gelatin:  vr Hippurate:  vr
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    D-Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Fucose:  neg D-Fucose:  neg Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Ribose:  vr Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  vr Xylose:  neg L-Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Gentiobiose:  neg Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Melezitose:  vr Melibiose:  neg Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  vr Amygdalin:  neg Dextrin:  vr Glycogen:  neg Inulin:  neg D-Arabitol:  vr L-Arabitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  + Inositol:  + Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  vr Xylitol:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  + Me-α-D-Glc:  neg Me-Xyloside:  neg NAc-α-GA:  + Salicin:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Catalase:  neg Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  + α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  + α-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  neg α-Mannosidase:  neg β-Mannosidase:  neg ArgDH:  neg Chymotrypsin:  neg γ-Glu transf.:  neg GluDC:  neg OrnDC:  neg Trypsin:  neg AlanineAA:  + AlaPheProAA:  + GluGluAA:  vr GlyAA:  + LeuAA:  + LeuGlyAA:  + PyrrolidAA:  neg ValAA:  neg AlkalineP:  neg AcidP:  + Esterase(C4):  + EstLip(C8):  + Lipase:  neg Lipase(C14):  neg Phosphoamidase:  +
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Acetate:  + Lactate:  + Succinate:  + Indole:  neg Pigment:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  Sens
    ampicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.03–1)
    penicillin:  Sens
    penicillin_G:  S(0.063)
    piper-taz:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.03–4)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.03–0.5)
    amikacin:  Res
    kanamycin:  Res
    neomycin:  Res
    tobramycin:  Res
    erythromycin:  Var(MIC50): 0.063-8), MIC90: Var(0.063-8
    linezolid:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.125–1)
    ciprofloxacin:  SensRNG: (0.063-0.5)
    levofloxacin:  SensRNG: (0.063-1)
    moxifloxacin:  Sens
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  Sens
    tetracycline:  SensRNG: (0.063-4)
    vancomycin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.125–1)
    chloramphenicol:  Sens
    fosfomycin:  Res
    metronidazole:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.25->32)
    SXT:  Res
    clindamycin:  SensRNG: (0.063-2)
    daptomycin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.03->32)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR ACTINOMYCES GRAEVENITZII
  • Barberis2017 - Antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical isolates of Actinomyces and related genera reveals an unusual clindamycin resistance among Actinomyces urogenitalis strains.
  • Gajdacs2020 - The Pathogenic Role of Actinomyces spp. and Related Organisms in Genitourinary Infections: Discoveries in the New, Modern Diagnostic Era.
  • Ramos1997 - Actinomyces graevenitzii sp. nov., Isolated from Human Clinical Specimens.
  • Valour2014 - Actinomycosis: etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and management.
  • Hansen2009 - Actinomyces species: A danish survey on human infections and microbiological characteristics.
  • Ye2018 - A metagenomic study of the gut microbiome in Behcet's disease
  • Tyrrell2012 - In vitro activity of TD-1792, a multivalent glycopeptide-cephalosporin antibiotic, against 377 strains of anaerobic bacteria and 34 strains of Corynebacterium species.
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    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR ACTINOMYCES GRAEVENITZII
  • Almeida2019 - A new genomic blueprint of the human gut microbiota.
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • De2020 - Metagenomic analysis of gut microbiome and resistome of diarrheal fecal samples from Kolkata, India, reveals the core and variable microbiota including signatures of microbial dark matter.
  • Hu2019 - The Gut Microbiome Signatures Discriminate Healthy From Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
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    • Added: April 08, 2021