Actinomyces israelii

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Actinomyces israelii is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, anaerobic, non-motile, filamentous bacterium. It has been detected in at least 2 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. Actinomyces israelii is unlikely to be a gut coloniser. (Hansen2009)



  • This organism has been recovered from clinical sources (tooth infection, abscess, jaw infection - CCUG; appendicitis) and human gastrointestinal tract (Hansen2009). The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread. It is an opportunistic pathogen. Likely to be transient and not a long-term gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Hansen2009);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • aesculin;
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • xylose; maltose; raffinose; sucrose; trehalose;
  • Active enzymes:
  • β-galactosidase; α-glucosidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Hansen2009);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • acetate; lactate; succinate;
  • ✓
  • Nitrate:
  • reduced
  • ✗
  • Pigments:
  • not produced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Goldstein2003); (AlmaguerFlores2006); (LeCorn2007); (Hansen2009); (Tyrrell2012); (Goldstein2006); (Goldstein2006c); (Goldstein2005); (Citron2003); (Citron2001); (Goldstein2000); (Goldstein1999b);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin; amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ampicillin; ampicillin-sulbactam; imipenem; meropenem; penicillin; penicillin G; piperacillin-tazobactam;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefalexin; cefotaxime; cefoxitin;
  • Macrolides:
  • azithromycin; clarithromycin; pristinamycin; quinupristin-dalfopristin; roxithromycin; telithromycin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • doxycycline; minocycline; tigecycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • gemifloxacin; moxifloxacin; trovafloxacin;
  • ciprofloxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • amikacin;
  • Polypep/ketides:
  • bacitracin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • metronidazole;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin; teicoplanin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • clindamycin; daptomycin; linezolid; pristinamycin; telithromycin;

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Actinobacteria Class:  Actinomycetia Order:  Actinomycetales Family:  Actinomycetaceae Genus:  Actinomyces Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Filamentous Pigment:  neg
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  clinical sources (tooth infection, abscess, jaw infection - CCUG; appendicitis) and human gastrointestinal tract (Hansen2009)
    		Aesculin:  + Urea:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  vr Rhamnose:  vr Xylose:  + Maltose:  + Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + Mannitol:  vr
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Catalase:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Fucosidase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  + α-Glucosidase:  +
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Acetate:  + Lactate:  + Succinate:  + Pigment:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  S(0.125)
    Augmentin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (≤0.015-0.5)
    ampicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.03-0.5)
    amp-sulb:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: -, RNG: (0.06–0.5)
    penicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: -, RNG: (0.06–0.5)
    penicillin_G:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (≤0.03-0.25)
    piper-taz:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.03-4)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.03-0.25)
    meropenem:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.015–0.5)
    cefalexin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.06-2)
    cefotaxime:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.03–0.5)
    cefoxitin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.03–1)
    amikacin:  Res
    azithromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: -, RNG: (0.06–0.5)
    erythromycin:  Var(MIC50): ≤0.03, MIC90: >32, RNG: (≤0.03->32)
    clarithromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.03–0.06)
    pristinamycin:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (0.03–0.12)
    quin-dalf:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.125-0.5)
    roxithromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.03–0.06)
    telithromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (0.03)
    linezolid:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.5–8)
    ciprofloxacin:  R(MIC50): 8, MIC90: >8, RNG: (≤0.5->8)
    gemifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: -, RNG: (0.5–2)
    levofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 8, RNG: (≤0.06-8)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.06–1)
    trovafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.5–4)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.06–1)
    minocycline:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.06–1)
    tetracycline:  Var(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.125-16)
    tigecycline:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.03–1)
    teicoplanin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.125–0.5)
    vancomycin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.5-1)
    bacitracin:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.5–8)
    metronidazole:  R(MIC50): 8, MIC90: >32, RNG: (≤0.03->32)
    clindamycin:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.03–0.5)
    daptomycin:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, (0.5->32)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR ACTINOMYCES ISRAELII
  • Goldstein2003 - In Vitro Activities of Daptomycin, Vancomycin, Quinupristin- Dalfopristin, Linezolid, and Five Other Antimicrobials against 307 Gram-Positive Anaerobic and 31 Corynebacterium Clinical Isolates.
  • AlmaguerFlores2006 - Proportion of antibiotic resistance in subgingival plaque samples from Mexican subjects.
  • Gajdacs2020 - The Pathogenic Role of Actinomyces spp. and Related Organisms in Genitourinary Infections: Discoveries in the New, Modern Diagnostic Era.
  • LeCorn2007 - In Vitro Activity of Amoxicillin, Clindamycin, Doxycycline, Metronidazole, and Moxifloxacin Against Oral Actinomyces.
  • Nouioui2018 - Genome-Based Taxonomic Classification of the Phylum Actinobacteria.
  • Hansen2009 - Actinomyces species: A danish survey on human infections and microbiological characteristics.
  • Tyrrell2012 - In vitro activity of TD-1792, a multivalent glycopeptide-cephalosporin antibiotic, against 377 strains of anaerobic bacteria and 34 strains of Corynebacterium species.
  • Goldstein2006 - In vitro activity of moxifloxacin against 923 anaerobes isolated from human intra-abdominal infections.
  • Goldstein2006c - Comparative in vitro susceptibilities of 396 unusual anaerobic strains to tigecycline and eight other antimicrobial agents.
  • Goldstein2005 - Comparative in vitro activities of XRP 2868, pristinamycin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, vancomycin, daptomycin, linezolid, clarithromycin, telithromycin, clindamycin, and ampicillin against anaerobic gram-positive species, actinomycetes, and lactobacilli.
  • Citron2003 - In vitro activities of ramoplanin, teicoplanin, vancomycin, linezolid, bacitracin, and four other antimicrobials against intestinal anaerobic bacteria.
  • Citron2001 - Comparative in vitro activities of ABT-773 against 362 clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria.
  • Goldstein2000 - Comparative in vitro activities of GAR-936 against aerobic and anaerobic animal and human bite wound pathogens.
  • Goldstein1999b - Activities of telithromycin (HMR 3647, RU 66647) compared to those of erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, and other antimicrobial agents against unusual anaerobes.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR ACTINOMYCES ISRAELII
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR ACTINOMYCES ISRAELII
  • Valour2014 - Actinomycosis: etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and management.
    • Added: September 22, 2021