Actinomyces viscosus

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Actinomyces viscosus is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, bacterium. It has been detected in at least 5 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. Actinomyces viscosus is probably a common, although minor, coloniser of the gut. (Georg1969; Johnson1990; Hansen2009)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces, clinical sources (blood, mouth, lesion - CCUG) and rats. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread (notes: human and animal pathogen). It is an opportunistic pathogen. A possible gut commensal.
    • QUIRKS
  • In 17% of Europeans (unseenbio.com). Minor coloniser.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Georg1969); (Johnson1990); (Hansen2009);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • aesculin;
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • glucose; mannose; inulin; maltose; raffinose; sucrose; trehalose;
  • Active enzymes:
  • Ala-Phe-Pro arylamidase; acid phosphatase; catalase; esterase C4; esterase lipase C8; α-galactosidase; β-galactosidase; α-glucosidase; β-glucosidase; Leu arylamidase;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent active enzymes:
  • alkaline phosphatase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Johnson1990); (Hansen2009);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • acetate; lactate; succinate;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • indole;
  • ✗
  • VP test:
  • not active
  • ✓
  • Nitrate:
  • reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Goldstein2003); (AlmaguerFlores2006); (Barberis2017); (LeCorn2007); (Hansen2009); (Citron2012); (Goldstein2006c); (Goldstein2005); (Citron2003); (Goldstein2000);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin; amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ampicillin; imipenem; meropenem; penicillin; penicillin G; piperacillin-tazobactam; ticarcillin;
  • dicloxacillin; oxacillin;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefalexin; cefotaxime; cefoxitin;
  • ceftazidime;
  • Macrolides:
  • clarithromycin; pristinamycin; quinupristin-dalfopristin; telithromycin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • doxycycline; minocycline; tigecycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • moxifloxacin;
  • ciprofloxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • amikacin; kanamycin; neomycin; tobramycin;
  • Polypep/ketides:
  • bacitracin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol;
  • fosfomycin; metronidazole; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin; teicoplanin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • daptomycin; linezolid; pristinamycin; telithromycin;
  • NOTES

    Actinomyces viscosus was isolated from an abdominal actinomycosis in a dog.

  • Actinomyces viscosus may be an opportunistic pathogen.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Actinobacteria Class:  Actinomycetia Order:  Actinomycetales Family:  Actinomycetaceae Genus:  Actinomyces Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Sessile
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces, clinical sources (blood, mouth, lesion - CCUG) and rats
    		Aesculin:  + Urea:  neg Gelatin:  neg Hippurate:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  neg Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Ribose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  neg Lactose:  vr Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + Dextrin:  neg Glycogen:  neg Inulin:  + Starch:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Catalase:  + Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  + β-Galactosidase:  + α-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucuronidase:  neg α-Mannosidase:  neg β-Mannosidase:  neg ArgDH:  neg GluDC:  neg AlanineAA:  vr AlaPheProAA:  + GluGluAA:  neg GlyAA:  vr LeuAA:  + LeuGlyAA:  vr PyrrolidAA:  neg AlkalineP:  d AcidP:  + Esterase(C4):  + EstLip(C8):  + Lipase(C14):  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Acetate:  + Lactate:  + Succinate:  + Indole:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.047, MIC90: -, RNG: (0.047-0.19)
    Augmentin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (≤0.015-0.5)
    ampicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.03-0.06)
    dicloxacillin:  Res
    oxacillin:  Res
    penicillin:  Sens
    penicillin_G:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (≤0.03-0.25)
    piper-taz:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.03-0.5)
    ticarcillin:  Sens
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (0.03-0.03)
    meropenem:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.015–0.25)
    cefalexin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.06-2)
    cefotaxime:  Sens
    cefoxitin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.03–1)
    ceftazidime:  Res
    amikacin:  Res
    kanamycin:  Res
    neomycin:  Res
    tobramycin:  Res
    azithromycin:  Var(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: >32, RNG: (≤0.03->32)
    erythromycin:  Var(MIC50): ≤0.03, MIC90: >32, RNG: (≤0.03->32)
    clarithromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (0.03)
    pristinamycin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.03–0.12)
    quin-dalf:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.06-0.5)
    telithromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (0.03)
    linezolid:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.5-0.5)
    ciprofloxacin:  R(MIC50): 8, MIC90: >8, RNG: (≤0.5->8)
    levofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 8, RNG: (≤0.06-8)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.06–1)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.06–1)
    minocycline:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.06–1)
    tetracycline:  Var(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.125-16)
    tigecycline:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.06–1)
    teicoplanin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.125–0.5)
    vancomycin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.5-0.5)
    bacitracin:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.5–8)
    chloramphenicol:  Sens
    fosfomycin:  Res
    metronidazole:  R(MIC50): 8, MIC90: >32, RNG: (≤0.03->32)
    SXT:  Res
    clindamycin:  Var(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: >32, RNG: (≤0.03->32)
    daptomycin:  S(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.5-8)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR ACTINOMYCES VISCOSUS
  • Goldstein2003 - In Vitro Activities of Daptomycin, Vancomycin, Quinupristin- Dalfopristin, Linezolid, and Five Other Antimicrobials against 307 Gram-Positive Anaerobic and 31 Corynebacterium Clinical Isolates.
  • AlmaguerFlores2006 - Proportion of antibiotic resistance in subgingival plaque samples from Mexican subjects.
  • Barberis2017 - Antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical isolates of Actinomyces and related genera reveals an unusual clindamycin resistance among Actinomyces urogenitalis strains.
  • Gajdacs2020 - The Pathogenic Role of Actinomyces spp. and Related Organisms in Genitourinary Infections: Discoveries in the New, Modern Diagnostic Era.
  • Georg1969 - Actinomyces viscosus, comb. nov., a catalase positive, facultative member of the genus Actinomyces.
  • Johnson1990 - Actinomyces georgiae sp. nov., Actinomyces gerencseriae sp. nov., Designation of Two Genospecies of Actinomyces naeslundii, and Inclusion of A. naeslundii serotypes II and III and Actinomyces viscosus serotype II in A. naeslundii Genospecies 2.
  • LeCorn2007 - In Vitro Activity of Amoxicillin, Clindamycin, Doxycycline, Metronidazole, and Moxifloxacin Against Oral Actinomyces.
  • Hansen2009 - Actinomyces species: A danish survey on human infections and microbiological characteristics.
  • Feng2015 - Gut microbiome development along the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence
  • Zuo2020 - Alterations in Gut Microbiota of Patients With COVID-19 During Time of Hospitalization
  • Citron2012 - In vitro activities of CB-183,315, vancomycin, and metronidazole against 556 strains of Clostridium difficile, 445 other intestinal anaerobes, and 56 Enterobacteriaceae species.
  • Goldstein2006c - Comparative in vitro susceptibilities of 396 unusual anaerobic strains to tigecycline and eight other antimicrobial agents.
  • Goldstein2005 - Comparative in vitro activities of XRP 2868, pristinamycin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, vancomycin, daptomycin, linezolid, clarithromycin, telithromycin, clindamycin, and ampicillin against anaerobic gram-positive species, actinomycetes, and lactobacilli.
  • Citron2003 - In vitro activities of ramoplanin, teicoplanin, vancomycin, linezolid, bacitracin, and four other antimicrobials against intestinal anaerobic bacteria.
  • Goldstein2000 - Comparative in vitro activities of GAR-936 against aerobic and anaerobic animal and human bite wound pathogens.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR ACTINOMYCES VISCOSUS
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR ACTINOMYCES VISCOSUS
  • Valour2014 - Actinomycosis: etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and management.
    • Added: April 08, 2021