Aggregatibacter aphrophilus

(aka Haemophilus aphrophilus)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Aggregatibacter aphrophilus, (aka Haemophilus aphrophilus), is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 10 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 42%. Aggregatibacter aphrophilus is probably a common, although minor, coloniser of the gut. (NorskovLauritsen2006; Kilian2005Bergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces, dental and clinical sources (blood, abscess - CCUG). The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread. It is an opportunistic pathogen. A possible gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (NorskovLauritsen2006); (Kilian2005Bergey);
    Character Response
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • fructose; galactose; glucose; mannose; lactose; maltose; raffinose; sucrose; trehalose;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • glycerol; inositol;
  • Active enzymes:
  • alkaline phosphatase; acid phosphatase; β-galactosidase; Leu arylamidase;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent active enzymes:
  • α-glucosidase; oxidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (NorskovLauritsen2006); (Kilian2005Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • H₂S; indole;
  • VP test:
  • activity is variable
  • ✓
  • ONPG test:
  • active
  • ✗
  • Haemolysis:
  • absent
  • ✓
  • Nitrate:
  • reduced
  • ✓
  • Nitrite:
  • reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Belkacem2015); (Coburn2013); (Goldstein2003a); (Goldstein2000);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ampicillin; ampicillin-sulbactam; ertapenem; imipenem; meropenem; penicillin; penicillin G;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefepime; cefixime; cefoperazone; cefotaxime; ceftazidime; ceftizoxime; cefuroxime;
  • Macrolides:
  • azithromycin; erythromycin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • doxycycline; minocycline; tetracycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • ciprofloxacin; clinafloxacin; gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; moxifloxacin; sparfloxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • gentamicin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol; metronidazole; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • clindamycin;

  • Bik, E. M., Eckburg, P. B., Gill, S. R., Nelson, K. E., Purdom, E. A., Francois, F., Perez-Perez, G., Blaser, M. J., & Relman, D. A. (2006). Molecular analysis of the bacterial microbiota in the human stomach. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103(3), 732–737.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Proteobacteria Class:  Gammaproteobacteria Order:  Pasteurellales Family:  Pasteurellaceae Genus:  Aggregatibacter Alt. name:  Haemophilus aphrophilus Gram stain:  neg O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Rod
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces, dental and clinical sources (blood, abscess - CCUG)
    DNA G+C(%):  42
    		Aesculin:  neg Urea:  neg Hippurate:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  neg Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  neg Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + Dextrin:  neg Aesculin:  neg Glycogen:  neg Inulin:  neg Starch:  neg Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  d Inositol:  d Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Xylitol:  neg Salicin:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  d(neg) Catalase:  neg Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  + α-Glucosidase:  d β-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  neg α-Mannosidase:  neg β-Mannosidase:  neg Xylosidase:  neg ArgDH:  neg γ-Glu transf.:  vr LysDC:  neg OrnDC:  neg AlaPheProAA:  neg LeuAA:  + PyrrolidAA:  neg AlkalineP:  + AcidP:  + Esterase(C4):  vr EstLip(C8):  neg Lipase:  neg Lipase(C14):  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		H2S:  neg Indole:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    Augmentin:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: -, RNG: (≤2)
    ampicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.12-1)
    amp-sulb:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 1, RNG: (≤1)
    penicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: >1, RNG: (≤0.015->1)
    penicillin_G:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (≤0.015–4)
    ertapenem:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (≤0.008-0.5)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (≤0.008-2)
    meropenem:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (≤0.06)
    cefaclor:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 4, RNG: (≤4)
    cefepime:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (≤0.12-0.25)
    cefixime:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (≤0.12-0.25)
    cefoperazone:  Sens
    cefotaxime:  Sens
    ceftazidime:  Sens
    ceftizoxime:  Sens
    cefuroxime:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.5)
    gentamicin:  Sens
    azithromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 1, RNG: (≤0.015–1)
    erythromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 8, RNG: (≤0.015–8)
    clarithromycin:  Var(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: >16, RNG: (≤0.12->16)
    ciprofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.016, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (≤0.008-16)
    clinafloxacin:  S(≤0.008/≤0.008)
    gatifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.008, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (0.008–0.03)
    levofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (≤0.03-0.06)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): ≤0.015, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (≤0.015–.125)
    sparfloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.06, (≤0.03-0.25)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.015–0.5)
    minocycline:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (≤0.015–0.25)
    tetracycline:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.03–0.25)
    vancomycin:  S(MIC50): 0.8, MIC90: 0.8, RNG: (≤0.015–>8)
    chloramphenicol:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (≤0.5-2)
    metronidazole:  Sens
    SXT:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (≤0.06-0.25)
    clindamycin:  R(MIC50): 8, MIC90: >32, RNG: (2–>32)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR AGGREGATIBACTER APHROPHILUS
  • Belkacem2015 - A Case of Aggregatibacter aphrophilus Multiple Abscess.
  • Coburn2013 - Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Clinical Isolates of HACEK Organisms.
  • NorskovLauritsen2006 - Reclassification of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Haemophilus aphrophilus, Haemophilus paraphrophilus and Haemophilus segnis as Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans gen. nov., comb. nov., Aggregatibacter aphrophilus comb. nov. and Aggregatibacter segnis comb. nov., and emended description of Aggregatibacter aphrophilus to include V factor-dependent and V factor-independent isolates.
  • Goldstein2003a - In vitro activities of ABT-492, a new fluoroquinolone, against 155 aerobic and 171 anaerobic pathogens isolated from antral sinus puncture specimens from patients with sinusitis.
  • Goldstein2000 - Comparative in vitro activities of GAR-936 against aerobic and anaerobic animal and human bite wound pathogens.
  • Lindholm2019 - Role of OmpA1 and OmpA2 in Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Aggregatibacter aphrophilus serum resistance
  • Kilian2005Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 2, The Gammaproteobacteria Part B. Family Pasteurellaceae, Genus III. Haemophilus
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    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR AGGREGATIBACTER APHROPHILUS
  • Bik2006 - Molecular analysis of the bacterial microbiota in the human stomach.
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Hu2019 - The Gut Microbiome Signatures Discriminate Healthy From Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • Qin2012 - Metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Yang2020 - Species-Level Analysis of Human Gut Microbiota With Metataxonomics.
  • Yang2020a - Establishing high-accuracy biomarkers for colorectal cancer by comparing fecal microbiomes in patients with healthy families
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
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    • Added: April 08, 2021