Pu•biome

Akkermansia muciniphila

Bacteria

Overview

Akkermansia muciniphila is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, strictly anaerobic, non-motile, oval-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 26 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 55.8%. Akkermansia muciniphila is often a widespread coloniser of gut. (Derrien2004; Derrien2010aBergey; Terekhov2018)

This organism has been recovered from human faeces. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 1, i.e., low risk of infection and spread. Pathogenicity status unknown, or very unlikely to be pathogenic. A known mutualist. Robust growth can have positive consequences for gut health.

QUIRKS

This organism might not be picked up in all microbiome surveys as the conventional probes used often don't bind well to its DNA. Found in human breast milk (Jeurink2013).

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Derrien2004); (Derrien2010aBergey);

	Character	Response
	Substrates hydrolysed or digested:	mucin;
pH	Acidity tolerance:	tolerates pH 5.5; tolerates pH 8; doesn't tolerate pH >8; Grows optimally at pH 6.5.
🌡	Temperature tolerance:	doesn't grow at 15℃; grows at 20℃; grows at 40℃; doesn't grow at 41℃; Grows optimally at 37℃.
H⁺	Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:	glucose;
⥅	Substrates assimilated or utilised:	mucin;
	Active enzymes:	N-Ac β-glucosaminidase; β-galactosidase;

SPECIAL FEATURES (Derrien2004); (Derrien2010aBergey);

	Character	Response
✓	Metabolites produced:	acetate; propionate; ethanol;
✗	Metabolites not produced:	H₂S; indole;
✗	Nitrate:	not reduced
✗	Sulfate:	not reduced
✗	Thiosulfate:	not reduced

RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS

Class	Active	Resistant
Penicillins:	amoxicillin; ampicillin; azlocillin; benzylpenicillin; cloxacillin; dicloxacillin; imipenem; meropenem; oxacillin; piperacillin; ticarcillin;	aztreonam; bacampicillin;
Cephalosporins:	cefazolin; cefdinir; cefepime; cefoperazone; cefotaxime; cefuroxime;	cefaclor; cefadroxil; cefixime; cefmetazole; cefotetan; cefotiam; cefoxitin; ceftazidime; cephalothin; moxalactam;
Macrolides:	azithromycin; clarithromycin; erythromycin; josamycin; roxithromycin; spiramycin;
Tetracyclines:	chlortetracycline; doxycycline; meclocycline; methacycline; minocycline; oxytetracycline; tetracycline;
Quinolines:		ciprofloxacin; clavulanic-acid; clinafloxacin; enoxacin; gatifloxacin; moxifloxacin; nalidixic-acid; norfloxacin; ofloxacin; pefloxacin; pipemidic-acid; sarafloxacin; sparfloxacin;
Aminoglycosides:		amikacin; dihydrostreptomycin; gentamicin; kanamycin; neomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; streptomycin; tobramycin;
Polypep/ketides:	rifabutin; rifampicin; rifapentine;	bacitracin;
Heterocycles:	chloramphenicol; metronidazole; trimethoprim;	fusidic-acid; isoniazid; nitrofurantoin; sulfadiazine; sulfadimethoxine; sulfamethoxazole; sulfanilamide;
Vancomycins:		vancomycin;
Miscellaneous antibiotics:	clindamycin; lincomycin; linezolid; colistin;

NOTES

This species is associated with a healthy metabolic status and it is being investigated as a probiotic to treat obesity, diabetes and other related metabolic disorders.

Fuel sources used:
It lives in the mucus layer of the intestine and uses the mucus as it main energy source. Mucus turnover is a normal part of our gut function and this species plays an important role in regulating mucus turnover so the right amount occurs.

Metabolites produced:
Our genomic analysis indicates that most members of this species can produce the following metabolites: acetate, BCAAs, GABA, hydrogen sulphide, lactate, propionate, succinate, folate, biotin, riboflavin.

Metabolites consumed:
In addition, our genomic analysis indicates that most members of this species do not consume any reported metabolites.

Disease associations:
Although this bacterium appears to have mostly beneficial effects, studies have shown it is elevated in patients with multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease.

Emerging research:
By living in the mucus layer, A. muciniphila prevents potentially harmful bacteria from colonising this space through competition. Studies have observed low levels of A. muciniphila in patients with irritable bowel syndrome, appendicitis, type II diabetes, obesity and high fat diets, indicating it plays a beneficial role in metabolism.

Research has also indicated this species can improve the efficacy of a common immunotherapy drug used in cancer patients called PD-1 inhibitors.

Levels of this bacterium tend to decrease with age.

References: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]

Isolated from the human intestinal tract based on its capacity to efficiently use mucus as a carbon and nitrogen source. This anaerobic resident is associated with the protective mucus lining of the intestines. [PMID: 21390229]

GutFeeling KnowledgeBase COMMENTS [Website]

Akkermansia muciniphila strain ATCC BAA-835 (the type strain) was isolated as a novel, strictly anaerobic, mucin-degrading bacterium from a healthy human fecal sample in anaerobic medium containing gastric mucin as the sole carbon and nitrogen source. Cells are oval-shaped, showing a different size depending on the medium, in mucin medium being 640 nm in diameter and 690 nm in length and rich medium being 830 nm in diameter and 1 um in length. Cells stained Gram-negative, while flagella were not seen on negatively stained electron micrograph preparations. Formation of spores by the strain was never observed. In mucin medium, the organism produced a capsule and could grow as single cells or in pairs, rarely in chains and often formed aggregates. It counts for 1-3% of cells in the human feces and is a normal component of the intestinal tract. [UP000001031]

Present knowledge suggests that A. muciniphila is important in maintaining a healthy mucus layer in the human gut. In previous researches, A. muciniphila has been proposed to be a contributor to the maintenance of gut health. In mouse studies, A. muciniphila played a causative role in lowering the body fat index, decreasing adipose tissue inflammation, improving glucose homeostasis, decreasing metabolic endotoxaemia, increasing the number of goblet cells, and increasing gut mucin integrity. Tests in humans have shown A. muciniphila is more abundant in the normal glucose tolerance group than in the prediabetes group which suggests that it may be a marker of type-2 diabetes (T2DM). Other research has shown that, in the process of degrading mucin, A. muciniphila produces acetate and propionate. It is also linked to a protective or anti-inflammatory role. As a probiotic reckoned to have health-promoting effects in humans, the activity of A. muciniphilaat the surface of mucosa can help to maintain the mucus layer. [PMID: 26666632] Akkermansia muciniphila, a mucin-degrading bacteria, is a member of the Verrucomicrobia phylum. [PMID: 26666632] Akkermansia muciniphila, an anaerobic Gram-negative bacterium, plays an important role in maintaining a healthy mucus layer in the human gut, and it may represent 3-5% of the microbial composition in the healthy human intestinal tract. [PMID: 31399846] UP000092519 is redundant to UP000235992

Derrien, M., Vaughan, E. E., Plugge, C. M., & de Vos, W. M. (2004). Akkermansia muciniphila gen. nov., sp. nov., a human intestinal mucin-degrading bacterium. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 54(Pt 5), 1469–1476.

Details

GENERAL

Lineage	Physiology	General	Growth Tolerances	Hydrol./digest./degr.
Phylum: Verrucomicrobia Class: Verrucomicrobiae Order: Verrucomicrobiales Family: Akkermansiaceae Genus: Akkermansia	Gram stain: neg O₂ Relation.: strictly anaerobic Spore: No spore Motility: Sessile Morphology: Oval-shaped	Health: Positive Source: human faeces DNA G+C(%): 55.8	Opt. T: 37℃ Low T(℃): 15(neg) Lower T(℃): 20(+) Mid T(℃): 40(+) High T(℃): 41(neg) Opt. pH: 6.5 pH 4.2-5.9: 5.5(+) pH 6.0-8.0: 8(+) pH >8: >8(neg)	Aesculin: neg Urea: neg Gelatin: neg

CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION

Monosaccharide O/F	Oligosaccharide O/F	Polysaccharide O/F	Polyol O/F	Other O/F
Arabinose: neg Glucose: + Mannose: neg Rhamnose: neg Xylose: neg	Cellubiose: neg Lactose: neg Maltose: neg Melezitose: neg Sucrose: neg Trehalose: neg		Glycerol: neg Mannitol: neg Sorbitol: neg	Salicin: neg

SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION

Monosaccharide util/assim	Oligosaccharide util/assim	Other carboh. util/assim	Amino acid util/assim	Organic acid util/assim
Fucose: neg Galactose: neg Glucose: w Rhamnose: neg Xylose: neg	Cellubiose: neg Lactose: neg Maltose: neg	N_Acetyl_glucosamine: w	Asp: neg Glu: neg Gly: neg Pro: neg Ser: neg Thr: neg	Acetate: neg Butyrate: neg Fumarate: neg Lactate: neg Succinate: neg

ENZYME ACTIVITY

Enzymes: General	Enzymes: Carbohydrate	Enzymes: Protein	Enzymes: Arylamidases	Enzymes: Esters/fats
Urease: neg	Ac-β-glcamnd: + α-Fucosidase: neg α-Galactosidase: vr β-Galactosidase: + α-Glucosidase: neg β-Glucosidase: neg β-Glucuronidase: neg	ArgDH: neg GluDC: vr	AlanineAA: neg GluGluAA: neg GlyAA: neg LeuAA: neg LeuGlyAA: neg PyrrolidAA: neg	AlkalineP: neg

METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE

Fuel	Usable Metabolites	Metabolites Released	Special Products	Compounds Produced
Mucus	None/Unknown	Branched-Chain AA, Cobalamin, Biotin, Riboflavin, Acetate, Lactate, Propionate, Succinate, GABA, Hydrogen Sulfide		Acetate: + Propionate: + Ethanol: + H₂S: neg Indole: neg

ANTIBIOTICS ℞

Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL)	Cephalosporins (μg/mL)	Aminoglycosides (μg/mL)	Macrolides (μg/mL)	Quinolones (μg/mL)
amoxicillin: Sens ampicillin: Sens azlocillin: Sens aztreonam: Res bacampicillin: Res benzyl-pen: Sens cloxacillin: Sens dicloxacillin: Sens oxacillin: Sens piperacillin: Sens ticarcillin: Sens imipenem: Sens meropenem: Sens	cefaclor: Res cefadroxil: Res cefazolin: Sens cefdinir: Sens cefepime: Sens cefixime: Res cefmetazole: Res cefoperazone: Sens cefotaxime: Sens cefotetan: Res cefotiam: Res cefoxitin: Res ceftazidime: Res cefuroxime: Sens cephalothin: Res moxalactam: Res	amikacin: Res dihydrostrept: Res gentamicin: Res kanamycin: Res neomycin: Res sisomicin: Res spectinomycin: Res streptomycin: Res tobramycin: Res	azithromycin: Sens erythromycin: Sens clarithromycin: Sens roxithromycin: Sens spiramycin: Sens josamycin: Sens	linezolid: Sens ciprofloxacin: Res clavulanate: Res clinafloxacin: Res enoxacin: Res gatifloxacin: Res moxifloxacin: Res nalidixic-acid: Res norfloxacin: Res ofloxacin: Res pefloxacin: Res pipemidic_acid: Res sarafloxacin: Res sparfloxacin: Res
Tetracyclines (μg/mL)	Vancomycin Class (μg/mL)	Polypep/ketides (μg/mL)	Heterocycles (μg/mL)	Other (μg/mL)
doxycycline: Sens chlortetracycline: Sens meclocycline: Sens methacycline: Sens minocycline: Sens oxytetracycline: Sens tetracycline: Sens	vancomycin: Res	bacitracin: Res rifabutin: Sens rifampicin: Sens rifapentine: Sens	chloramphenicol: Sens isoniazid: Res metronidazole: Sens nitrofurantoin: Res sulfadiazine: Res sulfadimethoxine: Res sulfamethoxazole: Res sulfanilamide: Res trimethoprim: Sens	clindamycin: Sens lincomycin: Sens colistin: Sens fusidic-acid: Res

References

SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR AKKERMANSIA MUCINIPHILA

Derrien2004 - Akkermansia muciniphila gen. nov., sp. nov., a human intestinal mucin-degrading bacterium.

Derrien2010aBergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 4, The Verrucomicrobia. Family Akkermansiaceae, Genus I. Akkermansia

Terekhov2018 - Ultrahigh-throughput functional profiling of microbiota communities.

Gao2020 - Functional Microbiomics Reveals Alterations of the Gut Microbiome and Host Co-Metabolism in Patients With Alcoholic Hepatitis

Allin2018 - Aberrant intestinal microbiota in individuals with prediabetes

Bajer2017 - Distinct gut microbiota profiles in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis

Bedarf2017 - Functional implications of microbial and viral gut metagenome changes in early stage L-DOPA-naïve Parkinson's disease patients

Candela2012 - Unbalance of intestinal microbiota in atopic children

Cekanaviciute2018 - Multiple Sclerosis-Associated Changes in the Composition and Immune Functions of Spore-Forming Bacteria

DeAngelis2013 - Fecal microbiota and metabolome of children with autism and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified

Demirci2019 - Reduced Akkermansia muciniphila and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii levels in the gut microbiota of children with allergic asthma

Fassatoui2019 - Gut microbiota imbalances in Tunisian participants with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Fischer2015 - Altered microbiota in microscopic colitis

Gargari2018 - Evidence of dysbiosis in the intestinal microbial ecosystem of children and adolescents with primary hyperlipidemia and the potential role of regular hazelnut intake

Gryp2020 - Isolation and Quantification of Uremic Toxin Precursor-Generating Gut Bacteria in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients

Hayden2020 - Fecal dysbiosis in infants with cystic fibrosis is associated with early linear growth failure

Hoffman2014 - Escherichia coli dysbiosis correlates with gastrointestinal dysfunction in children with cystic fibrosis

Hu2019 - The Gut Microbiome Signatures Discriminate Healthy From Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients

Huang2019 - Analysis of microbiota in elderly patients with Acute Cerebral Infarction

Jackson2016 - Signatures of early frailty in the gut microbiota

Kim2020a - Altered Gut Microbiome Profile in Patients With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Malham2019 - The microbiome reflects diagnosis and predicts disease severity in paediatric onset inflammatory bowel disease

Marvasti2020 - The First Report of Differences in Gut Microbiota Composition between Obese and Normal Weight Iranian Subjects

Opstelten2016 - Gut Microbial Diversity Is Reduced in Smokers with Crohn's Disease

Qin2012 - Metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes

Tan2018 - The Akkermansia muciniphila is a gut microbiota signature in psoriasis

Unger2016 - Short chain fatty acids and gut microbiota differ between patients with Parkinson's disease and age-matched controls

Vakili2020 - Characterization of Gut Microbiota in Hospitalized Patients with Clostridioides difficile Infection

Wan2019 - Alterations of the Gut Microbiota in Multiple System Atrophy Patients

Wang2019 - Differential composition of gut microbiota among healthy volunteers, morbidly obese patients and post-bariatric surgery patients

Weir2013 - Stool microbiome and metabolome differences between colorectal cancer patients and healthy adults

Xu2019 - Altered gut microbiota and mucosal immunity in patients with schizophrenia

Ying2020 - Gut microbiota and Chinese medicine syndrome: altered fecal microbiotas in spleen (Pi)-deficient patients

Zhong2019 - Distinct gut metagenomics and metaproteomics signatures in prediabetics and treatment-naïve type 2 diabetics

Zhu2020 - Metagenome-wide association of gut microbiome features for schizophrenia

Laue2020 - Prospective associations of the infant gut microbiome and microbial function with social behaviors related to autism at age 3 years

LopezSiles2018 - Alterations in the Abundance and Co-occurrence of Akkermansia muciniphila and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in the Colonic Mucosa of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Subjects.

Luna2016 - Distinct Microbiome-Neuroimmune Signatures Correlate With Functional Abdominal Pain in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Png2010 - Mucolytic bacteria with increased prevalence in IBD mucosa augment in vitro utilization of mucin by other bacteria.

Karcher2021 - Genomic diversity and ecology of human-associated Akkermansia species in the gut microbiome revealed by extensive metagenomic assembly.

Cani2018 - Human gut microbiome: hopes, threats and promises.

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GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR AKKERMANSIA MUCINIPHILA

Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.

Chen2020 - Structural and Functional Characterization of the Gut Microbiota in Elderly Women With Migraine

Chen2020a - Featured Gut Microbiomes Associated With the Progression of Chronic Hepatitis B Disease

De2020 - Metagenomic analysis of gut microbiome and resistome of diarrheal fecal samples from Kolkata, India, reveals the core and variable microbiota including signatures of microbial dark matter.

Dubinkina2017 - Links of gut microbiota composition with alcohol dependence syndrome and alcoholic liver disease

Hu2019 - The Gut Microbiome Signatures Discriminate Healthy From Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients

Jeong2021 - The effect of taxonomic classification by full-length 16S rRNA sequencing with a synthetic long-read technology

Jie2017 - The gut microbiome in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

Karlsson2013 - Gut metagenome in European women with normal, impaired and diabetic glucose control

King2019 - Baseline human gut microbiota profile in healthy people and standard reporting template.

Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.

Li2019b - Disordered intestinal microbes are associated with the activity of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Minerbi2019 - Altered microbiome composition in individuals with fibromyalgia

New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.

Nielsen2014 - MetaHIT Consortium. Identification and assembly of genomes and genetic elements in complex metagenomic samples without using reference genomes.

PerezBrocal2015 - Metagenomic Analysis of Crohn's Disease Patients Identifies Changes in the Virome and Microbiome Related to Disease Status and Therapy, and Detects Potential Interactions and Biomarkers

Qin2012 - Metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes

RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.

Rothschild2018 - Environment dominates over host genetics in shaping human gut microbiota.

Tyakht2013 - Human gut microbiota community structures in urban and rural populations in Russia.

Walker2011 - High-throughput clone library analysis of the mucosa-associated microbiota reveals dysbiosis and differences between inflamed and non-inflamed regions of the intestine in inflammatory bowel disease.

Wang2018 - A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in asthma in UK adults

Wang2018a - Morphine induces changes in the gut microbiome and metabolome in a morphine dependence model.

Wang2020a - Aberrant gut microbiota alters host metabolome and impacts renal failure in humans and rodents

Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer

Zou2019 - 1,520 reference genomes from cultivated human gut bacteria enable functional microbiome analyses.

Zupancic2012 - Analysis of the Gut Microbiota in the Old Order Amish and Its Relation to the Metabolic Syndrome.

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GENERAL REFERENCES FOR AKKERMANSIA MUCINIPHILA

CCUG - Culture Collection University of Gothenburg - Entire Collection

Derrien2010Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 4, The Lentisphaerae. Family Victivallaceae, Genus I. Victivallis

Derrien2010aBergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 4, The Verrucomicrobia. Family Akkermansiaceae, Genus I. Akkermansia

Derrien2010 - Mucin-bacterial interactions in the human oral cavity and digestive tract.

Added: February 08, 2021

BACTERIA TABLES

INFORMATION

Akkermansia muciniphila

Bacteria

Overview

Details

References