Alcaligenes faecalis

(aka Bordetella avium)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Alcaligenes faecalis, (aka Bordetella avium), is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, aerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 6 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. Alcaligenes faecalis is probably a rare gut coloniser. (Austin1981; Jackwood1985; Busse2005aBergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces (CCUG), clinical sources (wound, urine - CCUG) and eutrophic water. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread (notes: animal pathogen). Can cause opportunistic infections, particularly in immunocompromised people. A possible gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Austin1981); (Jackwood1985); (Busse2005aBergey);
    Character Response
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • Grows optimally at 30-37℃.
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • alanine; D-alanine; aspartate; glutamate; isoleucine; leucine; norleucine; phenylalanine; proline; tryptophan; acetate; butyrate; caprate; citrate; fumarate; glycolate; 3-hydroxybutyrate; DL-lactate; L-malate; malonate; phenylacetate; propionate; succinate; glutamine;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • cysteine; glycine; histidine; DL-kynurenine; lysine; methionine; ornithine; threonine; tryptamine; tyrosine; valine; aconitate; benzoate; caproate; caprylate; citraconate; glutarate; glycerate; heptanoate; isobutyrate; isovalerate; 2-ketoglutarate; maleate; L-mandelate; nonanoate; pyruvate;
  • Active enzymes:
  • catalase; Leu arylamidase; lipase; oxidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Jackwood1985); (Busse2005aBergey);
    Character Response
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • H₂S; indole;
  • ✓
  • VP test:
  • active
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
  • ✓
  • Nitrite:
  • reduced
  • ✗
  • NO3➔NO2:
  • not reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Austin1981);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • ampicillin; ertapenem; imipenem; penicillin G;
  • amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; cloxacillin;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefepime;
  • Macrolides:
  • erythromycin; spiramycin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • chlortetracycline; tetracycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • ciprofloxacin;
  • garenoxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • gentamicin; kanamycin;
  • neomycin; streptomycin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol;
  • nitrofurantoin; sulfamethoxazole;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • colistin; novobiocin;
  • NOTES

    Alcaligenes faecalis is normally found in soil, water, and environments in association with humans. Some strains can utilise acetamide.

  • Alcaligenes faecalis has not been reported as a human pathogen.

  • Petruschky, J (1896). Bacillus faecalis alcaligenes (n.sp.). Zentr. Bakt. Parasiten. 19: 187-191.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Proteobacteria Class:  Betaproteobacteria Order:  Burkholderiales Family:  Alcaligenaceae Genus:  Alcaligenes Alt. name:  Bordetella avium Gram stain:  neg O2 Relation.:  aerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces (CCUG), clinical sources (wound, urine - CCUG) and eutrophic water
    Opt. T:  30-37℃
    		Aesculin:  neg Urea:  neg Gelatin:  neg Starch:  neg Tween:  80(neg)
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  neg Glucose:  neg Rhamnose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Maltose:  neg Sucrose:  neg Trehalose:  neg Amygdalin:  neg Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  vr 5-Ketogluconate:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  neg Fucose:  neg Glucose:  neg D-Lyxose:  neg Mannose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  neg Gentiobiose:  neg Maltose:  neg Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  neg Sucrose:  neg D-Turanose:  neg Trehalose:  neg Adonitol:  neg Amygdalin:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Arbutin:  neg Aesculin:  neg Ethanolamine:  neg Glycerol:  neg Glycogen:  neg Inulin:  neg Ala:  + D-Ala:  + β-Ala:  neg 4-Aminobutyrate:  neg 5-Aminovalerate:  neg Asp:  + Betaine:  neg L-Citrulline:  neg Cys:  d Glu:  + Gly:  d Histamine:  neg His:  d Ile:  + DL-Kynurenine:  d Leu:  + Lys:  d Met:  d Norleucine:  + Orn:  d Phe:  + Pro:  + Sarcosine:  neg Ser:  neg Thr:  d Tryptamine:  d Trp:  + Tyr:  d Val:  d Acetate:  + Aconitate:  d Adipate:  neg Azelate:  neg Benzoate:  d Butyrate:  + Caprate:  + Caproate:  d Caprylate:  d Citraconate:  d Citrate:  + Fumarate:  + Glutarate:  d Glycerate:  d Glycolate:  + Heptanoate:  d 3-Hydroxybutyrate:  + 3-Hydroxybenzoate:  neg 4-Hydroxybenzoate:  neg Isobutyrate:  d Isovalerate:  d Itaconate:  neg 2-Ketogluconate:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  neg DL-Lactate:  + Malate:  neg L-Malate:  + Maleate:  d Malonate:  + L-Mandelate:  d Mesaconate:  neg Nonanoate:  d Phenylacetate:  + Pimelate:  neg Propionate:  + Pyruvate:  d Sebacate:  neg Suberate:  neg Succinate:  + D-Tartrate:  neg L-Tartrate:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  + Catalase:  + Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  neg α-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  neg α-Mannosidase:  neg ArgDH:  neg LysDC:  neg OrnDC:  neg LeuAA:  + AcidP:  vr Esterase(C4):  vr EstLip(C8):  vr Lipase:  + Lipase(C14):  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		H2S:  neg Indole:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    Augmentin:  R(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.12->32)
    ampicillin:  S(10; disc)
    cloxacillin:  R(5; disc)
    penicillin_G:  S(1.5U)
    ertapenem:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 4, RNG: (≤0.008->16)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 4, RNG: (≤0.06-4)
    cefepime:  R(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.25->64)
    cefotetan:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: >64, RNG: (0.5->64)
    ceftazidime:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 8, RNG: (2-16)
    gentamicin:  S(10; disc)
    kanamycin:  S(30; disc)
    neomycin:  R(10; disc)
    streptomycin:  R(10; disc)
    erythromycin:  R(10; disc)
    spiramycin:  R(80)
    ciprofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 4, RNG: (≤0.008->16)
    garenoxacin:  R(MIC50): 6.25, MIC90: 50, RNG: (0.05-100)
    levofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 0.78, MIC90: 12.5, RNG: (0.39-25)
    trovafloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 3.13, MIC90: 50, RNG: (0.05-50)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    chlortetracycline:  R(10; disc)
    tetracycline:  R(50; disc)
    chloramphenicol:  S(10; disc)
    nitrofurantoin:  R(200; disc)
    sulfamethoxazole:  R(25; disc)
    novobiocin:  R(5; disc)
    colistin:  R(10; disc)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR ALCALIGENES FAECALIS
  • Austin1981 - Alcaligenes faecalis subsp. homari subsp. nov., a New Group of Bacteria Isolated from Moribund Lobsters.
  • Jackwood1985 - Further characterization of the agent causing coryza in turkeys.
  • Schroll2001 - Alcaligenes faecalis subsp. parafaecalis subsp. nov., a Bacterium Accumulating Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate from Acetone-butanol Bioprocess Residues.
  • Busse2005aBergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 2, The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta-, and Epsilonproteobacteria Part C. Family Alcaligenaceae, Genus II. Alcaligenes
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR ALCALIGENES FAECALIS
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • McLaughlin2010 - The bacteriology of pouchitis: a molecular phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene cloning and sequencing.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Salonen2014 - Impact of diet and individual variation on intestinal microbiota composition and fermentation products in obese men.
  • Yang2020 - Species-Level Analysis of Human Gut Microbiota With Metataxonomics.
  • Yang2020a - Establishing high-accuracy biomarkers for colorectal cancer by comparing fecal microbiomes in patients with healthy families
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR ALCALIGENES FAECALIS
  • CCUG - Culture Collection University of Gothenburg - Entire Collection
    • Added: April 08, 2021