Alkalihalobacillus halodurans

(aka Bacillus halodurans)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Alkalihalobacillus halodurans, (aka Bacillus halodurans), is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, aerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 3 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 43.2%. Alkalihalobacillus halodurans is probably a rare gut coloniser. (Boyer1973; Liu2019; Nielsen1995)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces and soil. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 1, i.e., low risk of infection and spread. Pathogenicity status unknown, or very unlikely to be pathogenic. A possible gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Boyer1973); (Liu2019); (Nielsen1995);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • aesculin; casein; gelatin; starch;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • tolerates 2.0% salt; tolerates 10% salt;
  • pH
  • Acidity tolerance:
  • doesn't tolerate pH 5.0; tolerates pH 6.0-8.0; tolerates pH >9.0;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • doesn't grow at 10℃; grows at 20℃; grows at 55℃;
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • fructose; glucose; mannose; starch; cellubiose; maltose; sucrose; trehalose; glycerol; mannitol; arbutin; N-Ac glucosamine; salicin;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • fructose; galactose; glucose; glycerol; glycogen; inositol; lactose; maltose; mannose; rhamnose; ribose; salicin; trehalose; D-turanose; xylose;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • arabinose; gentiobiose; xylitol;
  • Active enzymes:
  • β-galactosidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Liu2019); (Nielsen1995);
    Character Response
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • H₂S; indole;
  • ✓
  • VP test:
  • active
  • ±
  • Nitrate:
  • strain dependent
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • ampicillin; penicillin;
  • Macrolides:
  • erythromycin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • tetracycline;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • gentamicin; kanamycin; neomycin; streptomycin;
  • Polypep/ketides:
  • bacitracin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol; fusidic-acid;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • novobiocin;

  • Boyer, E. W., Ingle, M. B., & Mercer, G. D. (1973). Bacillus alcalophilus subsp. halodurans subsp. nov.: An Alkaline-Amylase-Producing, Alkalophilic Organism. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 23(3), 238–242.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Bacillales Family:  Bacillaceae Genus:  Alkalihalobacillus Alt. name:  Bacillus halodurans Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  aerobic Spore:  Endospore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces and soil
    DNA G+C(%):  43.2
    Low T(℃):  10(neg)
    Lower T(℃):  20(+)
    High T(℃):  55(+)
    NaCl 0.5-2%:  2.0(+)
    NaCl >6%:  10(+)
    pH 4.2-5.9:  5.0(neg)
    pH 6.0-8.0:  6.0-8.0(+)
    pH >8:  >9.0(+)
    		Aesculin:  + Urea:  neg Gelatin:  + Starch:  + Casein:  + Tween:  20(neg) 40(+) 60(+) 80(neg)
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg D-Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Fucose:  neg D-Fucose:  neg Galactose:  neg Glucose:  + Mannose:  + D-Lyxose:  neg Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  neg Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  neg L-Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  + Gentiobiose:  neg Lactose:  neg Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  neg Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + Turanose:  neg Amygdalin:  neg Glycogen:  neg Inulin:  neg Starch:  + Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  + Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  + Sorbitol:  neg Xylitol:  neg Arbutin:  + Gluconate:  neg 2-Ketogluconate:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  neg Me-α-D-Glc:  neg Me-α-D-Mann:  neg Me-Xyloside:  neg NAc-α-GA:  + Salicin:  +
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Arabinose:  d Fructose:  + Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  + Ribose:  + Xylose:  + Gentiobiose:  d Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Melibiose:  neg D-Turanose:  + Trehalose:  + Glycerol:  + Glycogen:  + Inositol:  + Salicin:  + Sorbitol:  neg Xylitol:  d Hippurate:  neg Citrate:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  neg Urease:  neg β-Galactosidase:  + ArgDH:  neg LysDC:  neg OrnDC:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		H2S:  neg Indole:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    ampicillin:  S(p)
    penicillin:  S(p)
    gentamicin:  R(p)
    kanamycin:  R(p)
    neomycin:  R(p)
    streptomycin:  R(p)
    erythromycin:  S(p)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    tetracycline:  R(p)
    vancomycin:  S(p)
    bacitracin:  S(p)
    chloramphenicol:  S(p)
    novobiocin:  S(p)
    fusidic-acid:  S(p)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR ALKALIHALOBACILLUS HALODURANS
  • Boyer1973 - Bacillus alcalophilus subsp. halodurans subsp. nov.: An Alkaline-Amylase-Producing, Alkalophilic Organism.
  • Liu2019 - Genome-based reclassification of Bacillus okuhidensis as a later heterotypic synonym of Bacillus halodurans.
  • Nielsen1995 - Phenetic diversity of alkaliphilic Bacillus strains: proposal for nine new species.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR ALKALIHALOBACILLUS HALODURANS
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Tyakht2013 - Human gut microbiota community structures in urban and rural populations in Russia.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR ALKALIHALOBACILLUS HALODURANS
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
    • Added: April 08, 2021