Bacillus altitudinis

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Bacillus altitudinis is a Gram-positive, aerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 3 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 43%. Bacillus altitudinis is probably a rare gut coloniser. (Shivaji2006)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces, and high altitudes. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 1, i.e., low risk of infection and spread. Pathogenicity status unknown, or very unlikely to be pathogenic. A possible gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Shivaji2006);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • aesculin; gelatin; starch; tyrosine;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • tolerates 0.5-2.0% salt;
  • pH
  • Acidity tolerance:
  • tolerates pH 5; tolerates pH 6.0-8.0;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • grows at 8℃; grows at 45℃;
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • D-arabinose; glucose; xylose; mannitol;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • N-acetylglucosamine; arabinose; cellubiose; dulcitol; glycerol; inositol; inulin; rhamnose; sorbitol; starch; sucrose; trehalose; glycine; tyrosine; pyruvate;
  • Active enzymes:
  • catalase; β-galactosidase; lycine decarboxylase; oxidase; phenylalanine deaminase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Shivaji2006);
    Character Response
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • indole;
  • ✗
  • VP test:
  • not active
  • ✗
  • NO3➔NO2:
  • not reduced
  • Pigments:
  • white
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Shivaji2006);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin; penicillin;
  • ampicillin;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefoperazone; cefotaxime; cefuroxime;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • tetracycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • nalidixic-acid; norfloxacin;
  • ciprofloxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • kanamycin; streptomycin;
  • amikacin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • co-trimoxazole;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • lincomycin; colistin; novobiocin;

  • Lagier, J.-C., Armougom, F., Million, M., Hugon, P., Pagnier, I., Robert, C., Bittar, F., Fournous, G., Gimenez, G., Maraninchi, M., Trape, J.-F., Koonin, E. V., La Scola, B., & Raoult, D. (2012). Microbial culturomics: paradigm shift in the human gut microbiome study. Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 18(12), 1185–1193.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Bacillales Family:  Bacillaceae Genus:  Bacillus Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  aerobic Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod Pigment:  white
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces, and high altitudes
    DNA G+C(%):  43
    Low T(℃):  8(+)
    High T(℃):  45(+)
    NaCl 0.5-2%:  0.5-2.0(+)
    pH 4.2-5.9:  5(+)
    pH 6.0-8.0:  6.0-8.0(+)
    		Aesculin:  + Gelatin:  + Starch:  + Casein:  neg Tyrosine:  +
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    D-Arabinose:  + Glucose:  + Xylose:  + Mannitol:  +
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Arabinose:  + Rhamnose:  + Cellubiose:  + Raffinose:  neg Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + N_Acetyl_glucosamine:  + Dulcitol:  + Glycerol:  + Inositol:  + Inulin:  + Sorbitol:  + Starch:  + Ala:  neg Arg:  neg Gly:  + Lys:  neg Thr:  neg Tyr:  + Acetate:  neg Citrate:  neg Formate:  neg Pyruvate:  + Succinate:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  + Catalase:  + β-Galactosidase:  + LysDC:  + Phe deaminase:  + Lipase:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Indole:  neg Pigment:  white
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  S(30; disc)
    ampicillin:  R(25; disc)
    penicillin:  S(10; disc)
    cefoperazone:  S(75; disc)
    cefotaxime:  S(10; disc)
    cefuroxime:  S(30; disc)
    amikacin:  R(30; disc)
    kanamycin:  S(30; disc)
    streptomycin:  S(25; disc)
    ciprofloxacin:  R(30; disc)
    nalidixic-acid:  S(30; disc)
    norfloxacin:  S(10; disc)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    tetracycline:  S(30; disc)
    co-trimoxazole:  S(25; disc)
    lincomycin:  R(15; disc)
    novobiocin:  R(30; disc)
    colistin:  R(10; disc)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR BACILLUS ALTITUDINIS
  • Shivaji2006 - Bacillus aerius sp. nov., Bacillus aerophilus sp. nov., Bacillus stratosphericus sp. nov. and Bacillus altitudinis sp. nov., isolated from cryogenic tubes used for collecting air samples from high altitudes.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR BACILLUS ALTITUDINIS
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Yang2020 - Species-Level Analysis of Human Gut Microbiota With Metataxonomics.
  • Yang2020a - Establishing high-accuracy biomarkers for colorectal cancer by comparing fecal microbiomes in patients with healthy families
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR BACILLUS ALTITUDINIS
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
    • Added: April 08, 2021