Bacillus clausii

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Bacillus clausii is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 6 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 42.8-45.5%. Bacillus clausii is probably a rare gut coloniser. (Logan2011Bergey; Nielsen1995)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces, and is used as a probiotic. Also from soil and clay. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 1, i.e., low risk of infection and spread. Pathogenicity status unknown, or very unlikely to be pathogenic. Is a known gut commensal. Robust growth can have positive consequences for gut health.
    • QUIRKS
  • May be able to persist in the gut, albeit in low numbers, by residing in niches close to epithelial cells (Ilinskaya2017).
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Logan2011Bergey); (Nielsen1995);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • aesculin; casein; gelatin; starch;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • tolerates 2.0% salt; tolerates 8.0% salt;
  • pH
  • Acidity tolerance:
  • doesn't tolerate pH 5.0; tolerates pH 6.0-8.0; doesn't tolerate pH >9; Grows optimally at pH 7.
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • doesn't grow at 10℃; grows at 20℃; grows at 50, 55(neg)℃;
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • fructose; glucose; mannose; D-tagatose; amygdalin; starch; cellubiose; gentiobiose; maltose; sucrose; trehalose; D-turanose; glycerol; mannitol; arbutin; N-Ac glucosamine; salicin;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • N-acetylglucosamine; amygdalin; L-arabinose; cellubiose; dulcitol; fructose; glucose; glycerol; glycogen; maltose; mannitol; mannose; melezitose; methyl-α-glucoside; rhamnose; ribose; raffinose; salicin; sorbitol; starch; sucrose; D-tagatose; trehalose; D-turanose; xylitol; xylose;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • arabinose; d_arabitol; erythritol; galactose; gentiobiose; lactose; 2-ketogluconate;
  • Active enzymes:
  • β-galactosidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Logan2011Bergey); (Nielsen1995);
    Character Response
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • H₂S; indole;
  • ✗
  • VP test:
  • not active
  • ✓
  • Nitrate:
  • reduced
  • ✗
  • Pigments:
  • not produced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Abbrescia2015);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin; ampicillin; doripenem; ertapenem; imipenem; meropenem; piperacillin;
  • oxacillin; penicillin G;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefaclor; cefazolin; cefprozil;
  • cefepime; cefotaxime; cefuroxime;
  • Macrolides:
  • quinupristin-dalfopristin;
  • azithromycin; clarithromycin; erythromycin; spiramycin; telithromycin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • doxycycline; minocycline; oxytetracycline; tetracycline; tigecycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • ciprofloxacin; gemifloxacin; levofloxacin; moxifloxacin; nalidixic-acid; norfloxacin; ofloxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • amikacin; gentamicin; neomycin; streptomycin;
  • Polypep/ketides:
  • rifampicin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol;
  • metronidazole;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin; teicoplanin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • linezolid;
  • clindamycin; lincomycin; telithromycin;

  • Lagier, J.-C., Armougom, F., Million, M., Hugon, P., Pagnier, I., Robert, C., Bittar, F., Fournous, G., Gimenez, G., Maraninchi, M., Trape, J.-F., Koonin, E. V., La Scola, B., & Raoult, D. (2012). Microbial culturomics: paradigm shift in the human gut microbiome study. Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 18(12), 1185–1193.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Bacillales Family:  Bacillaceae Genus:  Bacillus Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  aerobic Spore:  Endospore Morphology:  Rod Pigment:  neg
    Health:   Positive
    Source:  human faeces, and is used as a probiotic. Also from soil and clay
    DNA G+C(%):  42.8-45.5
    Low T(℃):  10(neg)
    Lower T(℃):  20(+)
    High T(℃):  50(+), 55(neg)
    NaCl 0.5-2%:  2.0(+)
    NaCl >6%:  8.0(+)
    Opt. pH:  7
    pH 4.2-5.9:  5.0(neg)
    pH 6.0-8.0:  6.0-8.0(+)
    pH >8:  >9(neg)
    		Aesculin:  + Urea:  neg Gelatin:  + Starch:  + Casein:  + Hippurate:  neg Tween:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg D-Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Fucose:  neg D-Fucose:  neg Galactose:  neg Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  neg Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  + Xylose:  neg L-Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  + Gentiobiose:  + Lactose:  neg Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + Turanose:  + Amygdalin:  + Glycogen:  neg Inulin:  neg Starch:  + Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  + Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  + Sorbitol:  neg Xylitol:  neg Arbutin:  + Gluconate:  neg 2-Ketogluconate:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  neg Me-α-D-Glc:  neg Me-α-D-Mann:  neg Me-Xyloside:  neg NAc-α-GA:  + Salicin:  +
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Arabinose:  d L-Arabinose:  + Fructose:  + Fucose:  neg D-Fucose:  neg Galactose:  d Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  + Ribose:  + D-Tagatose:  + Xylose:  + Cellubiose:  + Gentiobiose:  d Lactose:  d Maltose:  + Melezitose:  + Melibiose:  neg Raffinose:  + Sucrose:  + D-Turanose:  + Trehalose:  + N_Acetyl_glucosamine:  + Adonitol:  neg Amygdalin:  + D-Arabitol:  d L-Arabitol:  neg Arbutin:  neg Dulcitol:  + Erythritol:  d Gluconate:  neg Glycerol:  + Glycogen:  + Inositol:  neg Inulin:  neg Mannitol:  + Me-α-D-Glc:  + Salicin:  + Sorbitol:  + Starch:  + Xylitol:  + Hippurate:  neg 2-Ketogluconate:  d 5-Ketogluconate:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  neg Urease:  neg β-Galactosidase:  + ArgDH:  neg LysDC:  neg OrnDC:  neg Phe deaminase:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		H2S:  neg Indole:  neg Pigment:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  S(2)
    ampicillin:  Sens
    oxacillin:  R(16)
    penicillin_G:  R(4)
    piperacillin:  Sens
    doripenem:  Sens
    ertapenem:  Sens
    imipenem:  S(0.18)
    meropenem:  S(0.5)
    cefaclor:  Sens
    cefazolin:  Sens
    cefepime:  Res
    cefotaxime:  R(16)
    cefprozil:  Sens
    cefuroxime:  Res
    amikacin:  S(0.06)
    gentamicin:  Sens
    neomycin:  Sens
    streptomycin:  Sens
    azithromycin:  Res
    erythromycin:  R(>64)
    clarithromycin:  Res
    quin-dalf:  Sens
    spiramycin:  Res
    telithromycin:  Res
    linezolid:  S(1)
    ciprofloxacin:  S(0.5)
    gemifloxacin:  Sens
    levofloxacin:  S(1)
    moxifloxacin:  Sens
    nalidixic-acid:  Sens
    norfloxacin:  Sens
    ofloxacin:  Sens
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  Sens
    minocycline:  Sens
    oxytetracycline:  Sens
    tetracycline:  S(3)
    tigecycline:  S<(0.03)
    teicoplanin:  S(0.06)
    vancomycin:  S(0.12)
    rifampicin:  Sens
    chloramphenicol:  Sens
    metronidazole:  Res
    clindamycin:  R(>32)
    lincomycin:  Res

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR BACILLUS CLAUSII
  • Abbrescia2015 - Antibiotic Sensitivity of Bacillus clausii Strains in Commercial Preparation.
  • Logan2011Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Bacillaceae Genus I. Bacillus
  • Nielsen1995 - Phenetic diversity of alkaliphilic Bacillus strains: proposal for nine new species.
  • Ilinskaya2017 - Secretome of Intestinal Bacilli: A Natural Guard against Pathologies.
  • Candela2012 - Unbalance of intestinal microbiota in atopic children
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR BACILLUS CLAUSII
  • Dubourg2013 - The gut microbiota of a patient with resistant tuberculosis is more comprehensively studied by culturomics than by metagenomics.
  • Hoyles2012 - Recognition of greater diversity of Bacillus species and related bacteria in human faeces.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • Pfleiderer2013 - Culturomics identified 11 new bacterial species from a single anorexia nervosa stool sample.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR BACILLUS CLAUSII
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
  • Hoyles2012 - Recognition of greater diversity of Bacillus species and related bacteria in human faeces.
    • Added: April 08, 2021