Bacillus firmus

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Bacillus firmus is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 2 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 40.7-41.4%. Bacillus firmus is probably a rare gut coloniser. (Logan2011Bergey; Priest1988)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces, clinical sources (blood - CCUG), soil and the environment. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 1, i.e., low risk of infection and spread. Pathogenicity status unknown, or very unlikely to be pathogenic. Is a known gut commensal. Robust growth can have positive consequences for gut health.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Logan2011Bergey); (Priest1988);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • aesculin; casein; DNA; gelatin; hippurate; starch;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • tolerates 2.0% salt; tolerates 5.0% salt; tolerates 10% salt;
  • pH
  • Acidity tolerance:
  • growth at pH 4.5(vr) is variable; tolerates pH 6.0-8.0; tolerates pH >9.0;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • grows at 30℃; grows at 40℃; doesn't grow at 50℃;
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • fructose; glucose; starch; maltose; pullulan; sucrose; trehalose; mannitol; arbutin; N-Ac glucosamine;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • glucose; glycerol; maltose; mannitol; trehalose; alanine; glutamate; proline; serine; acetate; formate; malate; malonate; succinate; glutamine;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • histidine; lactate;
  • Active enzymes:
  • alkaline phosphatase; phenylalanine deaminase; pyrrolidine arylamidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Logan2011Bergey); (Priest1988);
    Character Response
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • Hâ‚‚S; indole;
  • ✗
  • Methyl red test:
  • not active
  • ✗
  • VP test:
  • not active
  • ✗
  • ONPG test:
  • not active
  • ✓
  • Nitrate:
  • reduced
  • ✓
  • Pigments:
  • produced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Priest1988);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • ampicillin; benzylpenicillin; cloxacillin;
  • Macrolides:
  • erythromycin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • tetracycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • nalidixic-acid;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • gentamicin; kanamycin; neomycin; streptomycin;
  • Polypep/ketides:
  • rifampicin;
  • gramicidin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol; fusidic-acid; trimethoprim;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • novobiocin; polymyxin B;

  • Lagier, J.-C., Armougom, F., Million, M., Hugon, P., Pagnier, I., Robert, C., Bittar, F., Fournous, G., Gimenez, G., Maraninchi, M., Trape, J.-F., Koonin, E. V., La Scola, B., & Raoult, D. (2012). Microbial culturomics: paradigm shift in the human gut microbiome study. Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 18(12), 1185–1193.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Bacillales Family:  Bacillaceae Genus:  Bacillus Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  Endospore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod Pigment:  +
    Health:   Positive
    Source:  human faeces, clinical sources (blood - CCUG), soil and the environment
    DNA G+C(%):  40.7-41.4
    Lower T(℃):  30(+)
    Mid T(℃):  40(+)
    High T(℃):  50(neg)
    NaCl 0.5-2%:  2.0(+)
    NaCl 3-5%:  5.0(+)
    NaCl >6%:  10(+)
    pH 4.2-5.9:  4.5(vr)
    pH 6.0-8.0:  6.0-8.0(+)
    pH >8:  >9.0(+)
    		Aesculin:  + Urea:  neg Gelatin:  d(+) Starch:  + Casein:  + Chitin:  neg DNA:  + Hippurate:  d(+) Pectin:  neg Tween:  20(+) 80(+)
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg D-Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  vr Fructose:  + Fucose:  neg D-Fucose:  neg Galactose:  neg Glucose:  + Mannose:  vr Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  vr Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  vr L-Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  vr Gentiobiose:  neg Lactose:  vr Maltose:  + Melezitose:  vr Melibiose:  neg Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  d(+) Turanose:  vr Amygdalin:  neg Glycogen:  vr Inulin:  vr Starch:  + Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  vr Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  + Sorbitol:  neg Xylitol:  neg Arbutin:  + Gluconate:  vr 2-Ketogluconate:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  neg Me-α-D-Glc:  neg Me-α-D-Mann:  neg Me-Xyloside:  neg NAc-α-GA:  + Salicin:  vr
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Arabinose:  neg Galactose:  neg Glucose:  + Mannose:  neg Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  neg Xylose:  neg Gentiobiose:  neg Lactose:  neg Maltose:  + Melibiose:  vr Trehalose:  + D-Arabitol:  neg Gluconate:  neg Glycerol:  + Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  + Methanol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Ala:  + Asp:  neg Glu:  + His:  d Pro:  + Ser:  + Acetate:  + Benzoate:  neg Citrate:  neg Formate:  + Fumarate:  neg 3-Hydroxybenzoate:  neg Lactate:  d Malate:  + Malonate:  + Phenylacetate:  neg Phenylpropionate:  neg Propionate:  neg Succinate:  +
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  neg Catalase:  vr Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg β-Galactosidase:  neg α-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  neg ArgDH:  neg LysDC:  neg OrnDC:  neg Phe deaminase:  d(+) PyrrolidAA:  + AlkalineP:  + Lecithinase:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		H2S:  neg Indole:  neg Pigment:  +
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    ampicillin:  Sens
    benzyl-pen:  S(4)
    cloxacillin:  Sens
    gentamicin:  Sens
    kanamycin:  Sens
    neomycin:  Sens
    streptomycin:  S(8)
    erythromycin:  S(0.5)
    nalidixic-acid:  S(16)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    tetracycline:  S(2)
    vancomycin:  Sens
    gramicidin:  R(32)
    rifampicin:  S(0.25)
    chloramphenicol:  S(4)
    trimethoprim:  Sens
    novobiocin:  Sens
    polymyxin_B:  S(8)
    fusidic-acid:  Sens

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR BACILLUS FIRMUS
  • Logan2011Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Bacillaceae Genus I. Bacillus
  • Priest1988 - A Numerical Classification of the Genus Bacillus.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR BACILLUS FIRMUS
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR BACILLUS FIRMUS
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
    • Added: April 08, 2021