Bacillus licheniformis

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Bacillus licheniformis is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 10 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 44.7-46.4%. Bacillus licheniformis is probably a common, although minor, coloniser of the gut. (Logan2011Bergey; Priest1988; Terekhov2018)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces, clinical sources (blood - CCUG), soil and other environments. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 1, i.e., low risk of infection and spread (notes: opportunistic in immunocompromised patients). It is an opportunistic pathogen. Is a known gut commensal. Robust growth can have positive consequences for gut health.
    • QUIRKS
  • May be able to persist in the gut, albeit in low numbers, by residing in niches close to epithelial cells (Ilinskaya2017). Probiotic.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Logan2011Bergey); (Priest1988);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • aesculin; casein; chitin; DNA; gelatin; pectin; starch;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • tolerates 2.0% salt; tolerates 7.0% salt;
  • pH
  • Acidity tolerance:
  • tolerates pH 6.0; tolerates pH 9.5;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • doesn't grow at 10℃; grows at 20℃; grows at 50℃; Grows optimally at 37℃.
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • L-arabinose; fructose; galactose; glucose; mannose; ribose; D-tagatose; amygdalin; glycogen; inulin; starch; cellubiose; gentiobiose; lactose; maltose; melibiose; raffinose; sucrose; trehalose; glycerol; mannitol; sorbitol; arbutin; α-methyl glucoside; N-Ac glucosamine; salicin;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • pullulan; inositol;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • gluconate; citrate; formate; propionate;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • lactose; acetate; succinate;
  • Active enzymes:
  • D-alanine peptidase; alkaline phosphatase; catalase; β-galactosidase; α-glucosidase; lecithinase; phenylalanine deaminase; pyrrolidine arylamidase;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent active enzymes:
  • oxidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Logan2011Bergey); (Priest1988);
    Character Response
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • H₂S; indole;
  • ✓
  • Methyl red test:
  • active
  • ✓
  • VP test:
  • active
  • ±
  • ONPG test:
  • strain dependent
  • ✓
  • Nitrate:
  • reduced
  • ✗
  • Pigments:
  • not produced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Adimpong2012); (Agersoe2018); (Jeong2017); (Priest1988);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin; amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ampicillin; benzylpenicillin; penicillin G;
  • penicillin;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefoperazone; cefuroxime;
  • Macrolides:
  • oleandomycin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • tetracycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • ciprofloxacin; norfloxacin;
  • nalidixic-acid;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • amikacin; gentamicin;
  • streptomycin;
  • Polypep/ketides:
  • rifampicin;
  • gramicidin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol; co-trimoxazole;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • linezolid; colistin; novobiocin;
  • clindamycin; polymyxin B;

  • Lagier, J.-C., Armougom, F., Million, M., Hugon, P., Pagnier, I., Robert, C., Bittar, F., Fournous, G., Gimenez, G., Maraninchi, M., Trape, J.-F., Koonin, E. V., La Scola, B., & Raoult, D. (2012). Microbial culturomics: paradigm shift in the human gut microbiome study. Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 18(12), 1185–1193.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Bacillales Family:  Bacillaceae Genus:  Bacillus Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  Endospore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod Pigment:  neg
    Health:   Positive
    Source:  human faeces, clinical sources (blood - CCUG), soil and other environments
    DNA G+C(%):  44.7-46.4
    Opt. T:  37℃
    Low T(℃):  10(neg)
    Lower T(℃):  20(+)
    High T(℃):  50(+)
    NaCl 0.5-2%:  2.0(+)
    NaCl >6%:  7.0(+)
    pH 6.0-8.0:  6.0(+)
    pH >8:  9.5(+)
    		Aesculin:  + Urea:  vr Gelatin:  + Starch:  + Casein:  + Chitin:  + DNA:  + Tyrosine:  neg Hippurate:  neg Pectin:  + Tween:  20(+) 80(d(+))
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    D-Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  + Fructose:  + Fucose:  neg D-Fucose:  neg Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  + Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  + Xylose:  vr L-Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  + Gentiobiose:  + Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  d(+) Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + Turanose:  vr Amygdalin:  + Glycogen:  + Inulin:  d(+) Starch:  + Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  + Inositol:  d Mannitol:  + Sorbitol:  + Xylitol:  neg Arbutin:  + Gluconate:  vr 2-Ketogluconate:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  neg Me-α-D-Glc:  + Me-α-D-Mann:  neg Me-Xyloside:  neg NAc-α-GA:  + Salicin:  +
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Lactose:  d Melibiose:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg Gluconate:  + Hippurate:  neg Acetate:  d Citrate:  + Formate:  + Malonate:  neg Propionate:  + Succinate:  d
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  d Catalase:  + Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg β-Galactosidase:  + α-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucuronidase:  neg D-AlaninePA:  + ArgDH:  vr LysDC:  neg OrnDC:  neg Phe deaminase:  d(+) PyrrolidAA:  + AlkalineP:  + Lecithinase:  d(+)
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		H2S:  neg Indole:  neg Pigment:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  Sens
    Augmentin:  Sens
    ampicillin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.12-4)
    benzyl-pen:  S(8)
    carbenicil:  I
    methicillin:  I
    oxacillin:  I
    penicillin:  Res
    penicillin_G:  SensRNG: (0.2-0.8)
    cefoperazone:  Sens
    cefuroxime:  Sens
    cephalothin:  I
    amikacin:  Sens
    gentamicin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.5-1)
    kanamycin:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 4, RNG: (2-8)
    streptomycin:  R(MIC50): 16, MIC90: 32, RNG: (4-32)
    erythromycin:  Var(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: >16, RNG: (0.25->16
    oleandomycin:  R(vr)
    linezolid:  Sens
    ciprofloxacin:  Sens
    nalidixic-acid:  R(16)
    norfloxacin:  Sens
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    tetracycline:  S(MIC50): 0.25-8), MIC90: S(0.25-8, RNG: (0.25-8)
    vancomycin:  S(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 4, RNG: (4)
    gramicidin:  R(64)
    rifampicin:  S(0.25)
    chloramphenicol:  R(MIC50): 16, MIC90: 16, RNG: (4-32)
    co-trimoxazole:  Res
    clindamycin:  R(MIC50): 16, MIC90: 32, RNG: (2-128)
    lincomycin:  Var
    novobiocin:  Sens
    colistin:  Sens
    polymyxin_B:  R(8)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR BACILLUS LICHENIFORMIS
  • Adimpong2012 - Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Bacillus Strains Isolated from Primary Starters for African Traditional Bread Production and Characterization of the Bacitracin Operon and Bacitracin Biosynthesis.
  • Agersoe2018 - Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Tentative Epidemiological Cutoff Values for Five Bacillus Species Relevant for Use as Animal Feed Additives or for Plant Protection.
  • Hu2021 - Characterization of Bacillus Species from Market Foods in Beijing, China.
  • Jeong2017 - Antibiotic susceptibilities and characteristics of Bacillus licheniformis isolates from traditional Korean fermented soybean foods.
  • Logan2011Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Bacillaceae Genus I. Bacillus
  • Priest1988 - A Numerical Classification of the Genus Bacillus.
  • Terekhov2018 - Ultrahigh-throughput functional profiling of microbiota communities.
  • Ilinskaya2017 - Secretome of Intestinal Bacilli: A Natural Guard against Pathologies.
  • Cheggour2000 - The dppA gene of Bacillus subtilis encodes a new D-aminopeptidase.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR BACILLUS LICHENIFORMIS
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Forster2019 - A human gut bacterial genome and culture collection for improved metagenomic analyses.
  • Frank2007 - Molecular-phylogenetic characterization of microbial community imbalances in human inflammatory bowel diseases.
  • Hoyles2012 - Recognition of greater diversity of Bacillus species and related bacteria in human faeces.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • Pfleiderer2013 - Culturomics identified 11 new bacterial species from a single anorexia nervosa stool sample.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • Zou2019 - 1,520 reference genomes from cultivated human gut bacteria enable functional microbiome analyses.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR BACILLUS LICHENIFORMIS
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
  • Hoyles2012 - Recognition of greater diversity of Bacillus species and related bacteria in human faeces.
    • Added: April 08, 2021