Bacillus sonorensis

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Bacillus sonorensis is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 5 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 46%. Bacillus sonorensis is probably a rare gut coloniser. (Logan2011Bergey; Palmisano2001)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces and soil. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 1, i.e., low risk of infection and spread. Pathogenicity status unknown, or very unlikely to be pathogenic. Is a known gut commensal. Robust growth can have positive consequences for gut health.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Logan2011Bergey); (Palmisano2001);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • casein; starch;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • tolerates 2.0% salt; tolerates 3.0% salt;
  • pH
  • Acidity tolerance:
  • tolerates pH 5.7; tolerates pH 7.0;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • doesn't grow at 10℃; grows at 20℃; grows at 55℃;
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • L-arabinose; glucose; xylose; mannitol;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • citrate; propionate;
  • Active enzymes:
  • catalase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Logan2011Bergey); (Palmisano2001);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • VP test:
  • active
  • Lysozyme:
  • inhibited (0.001%)
  • ✓
  • Nitrate:
  • reduced
  • ✓
  • NO3➔NO2:
  • reduced
  • Pigments:
  • brown or yellow
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Adimpong2012);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin; ampicillin; penicillin;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefoperazone; cefuroxime;
  • Macrolides:
  • erythromycin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • tetracycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • ciprofloxacin; nalidixic-acid;
  • norfloxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • amikacin; gentamicin; kanamycin;
  • streptomycin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • co-trimoxazole;
  • chloramphenicol;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • clindamycin; lincomycin; novobiocin;
  • colistin;

  • Lagier, J.-C., Armougom, F., Million, M., Hugon, P., Pagnier, I., Robert, C., Bittar, F., Fournous, G., Gimenez, G., Maraninchi, M., Trape, J.-F., Koonin, E. V., La Scola, B., & Raoult, D. (2012). Microbial culturomics: paradigm shift in the human gut microbiome study. Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 18(12), 1185–1193.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Bacillales Family:  Bacillaceae Genus:  Bacillus Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  Endospore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod Pigment:  brown or yellow
    Health:   Positive
    Source:  human faeces and soil
    DNA G+C(%):  46
    Low T(℃):  10(neg)
    Lower T(℃):  20(+)
    High T(℃):  55(+)
    NaCl 0.5-2%:  2.0(+)
    NaCl 3-5%:  3.0(+)
    pH 4.2-5.9:  5.7(+)
    pH 6.0-8.0:  7.0(+)
    		Starch:  + Casein:  + Tyrosine:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    L-Arabinose:  + Glucose:  + Xylose:  + Mannitol:  +
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Citrate:  + Propionate:  +
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Catalase:  +
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Pigment:  brown or yellow
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  Sens
    ampicillin:  Sens
    penicillin:  Sens
    cefoperazone:  Sens
    cefuroxime:  Sens
    amikacin:  Sens
    gentamicin:  S(4/4)
    kanamycin:  S(8/8)
    streptomycin:  R(64)
    erythromycin:  S(4/4)
    ciprofloxacin:  Sens
    nalidixic-acid:  Sens
    norfloxacin:  Res
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    tetracycline:  S(8/8)
    vancomycin:  S(4/4)
    chloramphenicol:  R(16/32)
    co-trimoxazole:  Sens
    clindamycin:  S(4/4)
    lincomycin:  Sens
    novobiocin:  Sens
    colistin:  Res

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR BACILLUS SONORENSIS
  • Adimpong2012 - Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Bacillus Strains Isolated from Primary Starters for African Traditional Bread Production and Characterization of the Bacitracin Operon and Bacitracin Biosynthesis.
  • Logan2011Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Bacillaceae Genus I. Bacillus
  • Palmisano2001 - Bacillus sonorensis sp. nov., a close relative of Bacillus licheniformis, isolated from soil in the Sonoran Desert, Arizona.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR BACILLUS SONORENSIS
  • Hoyles2012 - Recognition of greater diversity of Bacillus species and related bacteria in human faeces.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • Pfleiderer2013 - Culturomics identified 11 new bacterial species from a single anorexia nervosa stool sample.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Zou2019 - 1,520 reference genomes from cultivated human gut bacteria enable functional microbiome analyses.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR BACILLUS SONORENSIS
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
  • Hoyles2012 - Recognition of greater diversity of Bacillus species and related bacteria in human faeces.
    • Added: April 08, 2021