Bacillus thuringiensis

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Bacillus thuringiensis is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 6 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 33.8-34.3%. Bacillus thuringiensis is probably a rare gut coloniser. (Logan2011Bergey; Yousten1969)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces and soil. Is an invertebrate pathogen. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 1, i.e., low risk of infection and spread (notes: opportunistic in immunocompromised patients, invertebrate pathogen). Can cause opportunistic infections, particularly in immunocompromised people. Is a known gut commensal. Robust growth can have positive consequences for gut health.
    • QUIRKS
  • May be able to persist in the gut, albeit in low numbers, by residing in niches close to epithelial cells (Ilinskaya2017).
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Logan2011Bergey); (Yousten1969);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • aesculin; casein; gelatin; starch;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • tolerates 2.0% salt; tolerates 7.0% salt;
  • pH
  • Acidity tolerance:
  • tolerates pH 7.0;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • doesn't grow at 0-5, 10(d)℃; grows at 40℃; doesn't grow at 50℃;
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • fructose; glucose; mannose; ribose; glycogen; starch; cellubiose; maltose; sucrose; trehalose; N-Ac glucosamine; salicin;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • aspartate; glutamate; citrate; glutamine;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • glycine; acetate; formate; fumarate; lactate; pyruvate;
  • Active enzymes:
  • alkaline phosphatase; N-Ac β-glucosaminidase; catalase; pyrrolidine arylamidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Logan2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • acetate (major);
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • H₂S; indole;
  • ✓
  • VP test:
  • active
  • ✓
  • Nitrate:
  • reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Reva1995);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • benzylpenicillin; carbenicillin; imipenem; oxacillin;
  • penicillin; penicillin G;
  • Macrolides:
  • erythromycin; oleandomycin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • tetracycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • ciprofloxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • gentamicin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol;
  • trimethoprim;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • clindamycin;

  • Lagier, J.-C., Armougom, F., Million, M., Hugon, P., Pagnier, I., Robert, C., Bittar, F., Fournous, G., Gimenez, G., Maraninchi, M., Trape, J.-F., Koonin, E. V., La Scola, B., & Raoult, D. (2012). Microbial culturomics: paradigm shift in the human gut microbiome study. Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 18(12), 1185–1193.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Bacillales Family:  Bacillaceae Genus:  Bacillus Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  Endospore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod
    Health:   Positive
    Source:  human faeces and soil. Is an invertebrate pathogen
    DNA G+C(%):  33.8-34.3
    Low T(℃):  0-5(neg), 10(d)
    Mid T(℃):  40(+)
    High T(℃):  50(neg)
    NaCl 0.5-2%:  2.0(+)
    NaCl >6%:  7.0(+)
    pH 6.0-8.0:  7.0(+)
    		Aesculin:  + Urea:  neg Gelatin:  + Starch:  + Casein:  +
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg D-Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Fucose:  neg D-Fucose:  neg Galactose:  neg Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  + Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  neg L-Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  d(+) Gentiobiose:  neg Lactose:  neg Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  neg Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + Turanose:  neg Amygdalin:  neg Glycogen:  + Inulin:  neg Starch:  + Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  vr Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Xylitol:  neg Arbutin:  w Gluconate:  neg 2-Ketogluconate:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  neg Me-α-D-Glc:  neg Me-α-D-Mann:  neg Me-Xyloside:  neg NAc-α-GA:  + Salicin:  d(+)
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Melibiose:  neg Asp:  + Glu:  + Gly:  d Acetate:  d Citrate:  + Formate:  d Fumarate:  d Lactate:  d Pyruvate:  d Succinate:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  neg Catalase:  + Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  + β-Galactosidase:  neg α-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  neg ArgDH:  vr LysDC:  vr OrnDC:  neg PyrrolidAA:  + AlkalineP:  +
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Acetate:  Major(+) H2S:  neg Indole:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    ampicillin:  Var
    benzyl-pen:  Sens
    carbenicil:  Sens
    oxacillin:  Sens
    penicillin:  Res
    penicillin_G:  Res
    imipenem:  Sens
    gentamicin:  Sens
    erythromycin:  Sens
    oleandomycin:  Sens
    ciprofloxacin:  Sens
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    tetracycline:  S,vr
    vancomycin:  Sens
    chloramphenicol:  Sens
    trimethoprim:  Res
    clindamycin:  R(vr)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS
  • Bagcioglu2019 - Detection and Identification of Bacillus cereus, Bacillus cytotoxicus, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus mycoides and Bacillus weihenstephanensis via Machine Learning Based FTIR Spectroscopy.
  • Logan2011Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Bacillaceae Genus I. Bacillus
  • Reva1995 - Antibiotic Susceptibility as a Taxonomic Characteristic of the Genus Bacillus.
  • Yousten1969 - Metabolism of Bacillus thuringiensis in relation to spore and crystal formation.
  • Ilinskaya2017 - Secretome of Intestinal Bacilli: A Natural Guard against Pathologies.
  • Cassir2015 - Clostridium butyricum Strains and Dysbiosis Linked to Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Neonates
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Cassir2015 - Clostridium butyricum Strains and Dysbiosis Linked to Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Neonates
  • Forster2019 - A human gut bacterial genome and culture collection for improved metagenomic analyses.
  • Hu2019 - The Gut Microbiome Signatures Discriminate Healthy From Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
    • Added: April 08, 2021