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N/A
The ability to degrade mucin is a peculiar property of the B. bifidum species, which can hydrolyse the glycosydic bonds of mucin and utilize it as the sole carbon source . [PMID: 25191315]
Escherichia coli K-12 strains are by far the most frequently used host strains in gene cloning experiments, since they have the following advantages: (i) they represent the genetically best understood living organism, (ii) they are easily modified by many genetic methods, and (iii) they are classified as biologically safe vehicles for the propagation of many efficient gene cloning and expression vectors in all major national and inter- national guidelines on biological safety for work with recombinant DNA technology. An increasing number of different strains, both K-12 derivatives and other E. coli strains, are ever emerging for use in biotechnological research and develop- ment. [PMID: 8526531] Escherichia coli is a Gram-negative straight rod, which either uses peritrichous flagella for mobility or is nonmotile. It is a facultatively anaerobic chemoorganotroph capable of both respiratory and fermentative metabolism. E.coli serves a useful function in the body by suppressing the growth of harmful bacterial species and by synthesising appreciable amounts of vitamins. It is an important component of the biosphere. It colonizes the lower gut of animals and survives when released to the natural environment, allowing widespread dissemination to new hosts. Pathogenic E.coli strains are responsible for infection of the enteric, urinary, pulmonary and nervous systems. Comparison of 20 E.coli/Shigella strains shows the core genome to be about 2000 genes while the pan-genome has over 18,000 genes. There are multiple, striking integration hotspots that are conserved across the genomes, corresponding to regions of abundant and parallel insertions and deletions of genetic material. Strain K12 / MC4100 is a derivative obtained from an HfrC-derived MO strain of S. Brenner, which is in wide use. This strain of MC4100 has an additional lambda phage placMu50 element (encoding 57 genes) in the malEFG operon, and is thus an MC4100(MuLac) strain. It has 194 mutational differences compared to other K12 genomes (MG1655, W3110 and DH10B), indicating there are considerable differences between these related strains, more than can be accounted for by the known construction steps. [UP000001478] This proteome is redundant to UP000000318. Also referred to as strains K12 and MC4100 in UniProt.
Bifidobacteria represent an important group of the intestinal microbiota of humans and are believed to be promising candidates for pharmaceutical applications and functional food products due to their ability to exclude intestinal pathogens, strengthen the intestinal barrier, and/or modulate the immune response in the intestine. Bifidobacterium bifidum (strain PRL2010) is used as a probiotic to maintain healthy gut flora. [UP000002312] Bifidobacteria represent an important group of the intestinal microbiota of humans and are believed to be promising candidates for pharmaceutical applications and functional food products due to their ability to exclude intestinal pathogens, strengthen the intestinal barrier, and/or modulate the immune response in the intestine. Bifidobacterium bifidum (strain PRL2010) is a anaerobic Gram-positive bacterium isolated from infant stool and is used as a probiotic to maintain healthy gut flora. It revealed a nutrient-acquisition strategy that targets host-derived glycans, such as those present in mucin. Proteome and transcriptome profiling revealed a set of chromosomal loci responsible for mucin metabolism that appear to be under common transcriptional control and with predicted functions that allow degradation of various O-linked glycans in mucin. Conservation of the latter gene clusters in various B. bifidum strains supports the notion that host-derived glycan catabolism is an important colonization factor for B. bifidum with concomitant impact on intestinal microbiota ecology. (Adapted from PMID: 20974960). [UP000002312]
Bifidobacteria represent an important group of the intestinal microbiota of humans and are believed to be promising candidates for pharmaceutical applications and functional food products due to their ability to exclude intestinal pathogens, strengthen the intestinal barrier, and/or modulate the immune response in the intestine. Bifidobacterium bifidum (strain S17) is shown to strongly adhere to intestinal epithelial cells and has potent anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and in vivo. [UP000006869] Bifidobacteria represent an important group of the intestinal microbiota of humans and are believed to be promising candidates for pharmaceutical applications and functional food products due to their ability to exclude intestinal pathogens, strengthen the intestinal barrier, and/or modulate the immune response in the intestine. Bifidobacterium bifidum (strain S17) is a Gram-positive bacterium isolated from feces of a breast-fed infant. It is shown to strongly adhere to intestinal epithelial cells and has potent anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and in vivo. (Adapted from PMID: 21037011). [UP000006869]
Was identified in the human gut and have been shown to represent part of the dominant bacterial members of the gut microbiota of breast-fed infants. Its abundance decreases as age increases. Present in GI tract of healthy adults. [PMID: 25191315]
Tissier, MH (1900). Recherches sur la flore intestinale normale et pathologique du nourrisson. Medicine Paris.
| Lineage | Physiology | General | Growth Tolerances | Hydrol./digest./degr. |
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Health:
Positive
Source: human faeces (Sanz2007, Nouioui2018)
DNA G+C(%): 62.7
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| Monosaccharide O/F | Oligosaccharide O/F | Polysaccharide O/F | Polyol O/F | Other O/F |
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| Monosaccharide util/assim | Oligosaccharide util/assim | Other carboh. util/assim | Amino acid util/assim | Organic acid util/assim |
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| Enzymes: General | Enzymes: Carbohydrate | Enzymes: Protein | Enzymes: Arylamidases | Enzymes: Esters/fats |
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| Fuel | Usable Metabolites | Metabolites Released | Special Products | Compounds Produced |
Mucus |
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| Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) | Cephalosporins (μg/mL) | Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) | Macrolides (μg/mL) | Quinolones (μg/mL) |
amoxicillin: S(MIC50): ≤0.06, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.06-0.5)
Augmentin: Sens
ampicillin: S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.06–1)
amp-sulb: S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.06–1)
cloxacillin: Sens
oxacillin: Sens
penicillin_G: S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.03-3.9)
piperacillin: Sens
piper-taz: S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.03-1)
ticarcillin: Sens
imipenem: S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (≤0.03-0.25)
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cefotaxime: Sens
cefotetan: Sens
cefoxitin: S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.5–32)
cephalothin: Sens
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gentamicin: R(MIC50): 66, MIC90: 185, RNG: (30->500)
kanamycin: R(>400)
neomycin: R(>200)
streptomycin: Res
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erythromycin: S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 0.28, RNG: (0.10-0.5)
fidaxomicin: S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.03–0.25)
pristinamycin: Sens
quin-dalf: S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.125-0.5)
spiramycin: Sens
telithromycin: S(MIC50): ≤0.002, MIC90: ≤0.002, RNG: (≤0.002)
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linezolid: S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.5-1)
ciprofloxacin: Sens
gatifloxacin: S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.25-2)
moxifloxacin: Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.06–16)
nalidixic-acid: R(>200)
ofloxacin: Var
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| Tetracyclines (μg/mL) | Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) | Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) | Heterocycles (μg/mL) | Other (μg/mL) |
minocycline: S(vr)
tetracycline: Var(MIC50): 2.5, MIC90: 62, RNG: (1-100)
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teicoplanin: S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.125–0.5)
vancomycin: S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.25-1)
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bacitracin: S(MIC50): 1.1, MIC90: 1.4, RNG: (0.4-1.5)
nisin_A: Sens
rifampicin: Sens
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chloramphenicol: S(MIC50): <3, MIC90: 3.7, RNG: (3-4)
metronidazole: R(MIC50): 32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.125->32)
nitrofurantoin: S(MIC50): 13, MIC90: 24, RNG: (4-40)
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clindamycin: S(MIC50): 0.05, MIC90: 0.09, RNG: (0.03-0.1)
lincomycin: S(MIC50): 0.64, MIC90: 1.4, RNG: (0.3-3)
daptomycin: S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.03-1)
polymyxin_B: R(>700)
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