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Bifidobacteria are known for their difficulties with gene manipulation, especially in the generation of gene knockout mutants. This is mainly caused by the low transformation efficiencies demonstrated by Bifidobacterium strains, in part due to their restriction-modification (R-M) systems. Among the bifidobacteria, Bifidobacterium longum 105-A has shown exceptionally high transformation efficiency (approximately 104 to 106 transformants/_g DNA) with several plasmid DNAs. [PMID: 25523770] In addition, the intestinal B. longum subsp. longumstrain DJO10A contains nine arabinofuranosidase and three xylanase genes, predicted to be involved in utilization of plant-derived complex carbohydrates. The only bifidobacterial genome sequence that was obtained from a strain that was minimally cultured outside the gut was from B. longum subsp. longum DJO10A, and it carried significantly more genes predicted to be involved in the utilization of complex carbohydrates and polyols, resistance to arsenic, and bacteriocin production, all of which are features predicted to be beneficial for competition in the human GI tract. [PMID: 20805404] Anaylsis of protein expression in response to bile stress was conducted. The results suggested that bile salts, to which bifidobacteria are naturally exposed, induce a complex physiological response rather than a single event in which proteins from many different functional categories take part. [PMID: 16077128] Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis CECT 7210 is a probiotic strain able to inhibit rotavirus in vitro and protect against viral infection in both cell cultures and mice. [PMID: 25838473] B. longum is often the dominant species detected in humans and is the only species to regularly harbor plasmids. It is a leading member of the probiotic bacteria due to numerous studies that have provided a growing body of evidence for its role in a myriad of potential health benefits. These include diarrhea prevention in antibiotic treated patients, cholesterol reduction, alleviation of lactose intolerance symptoms, immune stimulation and cancer prevention. The stabilizing effect on GIT microflora is attributed to the capacity of bifidobacterium to produce bacteriocins, which are bacteriostatic agents with a broad spectrum of action, and to their pH-reducing activity. Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis ATCC15697, is the archetypical human milk oligosaccharide-utilizing bacterium. [UP000007256] Acetate produced by protective B. longum subsp. infantis improves intestinal defence mediated by epithelial cells and thereby protects the host against lethal infection. [PMID: 21270894] The genes encoding an ATP-binding-cassette-type carbohydrate transporter present in B. longum subsp. longumcontribute to protect mice against death induced by E. coli O157:H7. This effect can be attributed, at least in part, to increased production of acetate and that translocation of the E. coli O157:H7 Shiga toxin from the gut lumen to the blood is inhibited. Acetate produced by protective B. longum subsp. longum improves intestinal defence mediated by epithelial cells and thereby protects the host against lethal infection. [UP000007255] JDM301 was shown to contain 36 genes associated with antibiotic resistance, 5 enzymes related to harmful metabolites and 162 nonspecific virulence factors mainly associated with transcriptional regulation, adhesion, sugar and amino acid transport. [PMID: 22346255] Bifidobacteria are natural inhabitant of the human gastrointestinal tract and vagina and play vital roles in maintaining human health. Several predicted proteins of the strain, BBMN68, were identified to be associated with the ecological niche of longevity. [PMID: 21097614] A transcriptomic study was performed to identify candidate genes for B. longum BBMN68̥s response to oxidative stress. Expression of genes and pathways of B. longum BBMN68 involved in nucleotide metabolism, amino acid transport, protein turnover and chaperones increased, and that of carbohydrate metabolism, translation and biogenesis decreased to adapt to the oxidative stress. [PMID: 30459453] A study shows that after oral administration of B. longum KACC 91563, the severity of food allergy has decrease greatly in a mouse model. [PMID: 26433560] There is an increasing interest in the positive effects of bifidobacteria on the central nervous system (CNS) via neural, neuroendocrine, neuroimmune, and humoral mechanisms. Strain demontstrates good probiotic properties. [PMID: 25523785] The persistence of B. longum in the colon may result from its adaptation to catabolize the substrates that are poorly digested by the host or other GIT microorganisms, which instead focus on utilization of sugars and the more abundant uniform polymers. [PMID: 12381787] The ability of Bifidobacterium spp. to survive and persist in this competitive environment is made possible by use of negative transcriptional regulation as a flexible control mechanism in response to nutrient availability and diversity as well as predicted genetic features such as exo- and endo-glycosyl hydrolases and high affinity oligosaccharide transporters. These features likely help B. longum compete for uptake of structurally diverse oligosaccharides released from digestion of plant fibers. Several studies conducted on fructose-containing polymers as potential selective substrates for colonic bacteria have provided evidence that bifidobacteria are able to ferment these carbohydrates, particularly the short chains of β-2→1-linked fructosyl units. Recently bifidobacteria were shown to possess only one pathway for the metabolism of glucose, the F6P phosphoketolase (F6PPK) pathway, otherwise known as the bifid shunt. Analyses of fructose fermentation patterns suggested that B. longum could use d-fructose as the sole carbon source; however, the uptake mechanism of fructose into the cell and proteins regulated by fructose remained to be defined. [PMID: 16549425] B. longum is often the dominant species detected in humans and is the only species to regularly harbor plasmids. It is a leading member of the probiotic bacteria due to numerous studies that have provided a growing body of evidence for its role in a myriad of potential health benefits. These include diarrhea prevention in antibiotic treated patients, cholesterol reduction, alleviation of lactose intolerance symptoms, immune stimulation and cancer prevention. The stabilizing effect on GIT microflora is attributed to the capacity of bifidobacterium to produce bacteriocins, which are bacteriostatic agents with a broad spectrum of action, and to their pH-reducing activity. Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis ATCC15697, is the archetypical human milk oligosaccharide-utilizing bacterium. [UP000001360]
Isolated from human feces [PMID: 25523770] Bifidobacterium longum is an anaerobic, non-halophilic, Gram-positive bacterium that is commonly found in the intestines of humans and most animals and insects. They were first isolated and described over one hundred years ago from human feces and were quickly associated with a healthy gastrointestinal tract (GIT) due to their numerical dominance in breast fed infants compared to bottle fed infants. It is important for establishing and maintaining homeostasis of the intestinal ecosystem to allow for normal digestion. B. longum is characterized by a unique hexose metabolism that occurs via a phosphoketolase pathway often termed the bifid shunt. Fructose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase (F6PPK) is a key enzyme of the bifid shunt and its presence is the most common diagnostic test for this genus, as it is not present in other Gram-positive intestinal bacteria. B. longum is often the dominant species detected in humans and is the only species to regularly harbor plasmids. It is a leading member of the probiotic bacteria due to numerous studies that have provided a growing body of evidence for its role in a myriad of potential health benefits. These include diarrhea prevention in antibiotic treated patients, cholesterol reduction, alleviation of lactose intolerance symptoms, immune stimulation and cancer prevention. The stabilizing effect on GIT microflora is attributed to the capacity of bifidobacterium to produce bacteriocins, which are bacteriostatic agents with a broad spectrum of action, and to their pH-reducing activity. Selection of suitable strains for probiotic purposes is very difficult as inherent characteristics of strains of B. longum that are necessary for its survival and competition in the human large intestine are currently very poorly understood. The use of the sequenced genome in microarray analysis reveals pertinent traits that are important to attain dominance in these complex ecosystems. In Bifidobacterium longum (strain DJO10A), the deletion of genomic regions, often facilitated by mobile elements, allows to adapt to fermentation environments in a very rapid manner (2 genome deletions per 1,000 generations) and the concomitant loss of possible competitive abilities in the gut. [UP000002419] Bifidobacteria are natural inhabitant of the human gastrointestinal tract and vagina and play vital roles in maintaining human health. [PMID: 30459453] This species was isolated from a breast-fed infant feces. [PMID: 26489930] Bifidobacterium longum is an anaerobic, non-halophilic, Gram-positive bacterium that is commonly found in the intestines of humans and most animals and insects. They were first isolated and described over one hundred years ago from human feces and were quickly associated with a healthy gastrointestinal tract (GIT) due to their numerical dominance in breast fed infants compared to bottle fed infants. In the neonate their numerical advantage confers a substantial health benefit by hindering pathogen colonization through competitive exclusion. It is important for establishing and maintaining homeostasis of the intestinal ecosystem to allow for normal digestion. B. longum is characterized by a unique hexose metabolism that occurs via a phosphoketolase pathway often termed the bifid shunt. Fructose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase (F6PPK) is a key enzyme of the bifid shunt and its presence is the most common diagnostic test for this genus, as it is not present in other Gram-positive intestinal bacteria. B. longum is often the dominant species detected in humans and is the only species to regularly harbor plasmids. It is a leading member of the probiotic bacteria due to numerous studies that have provided a growing body of evidence for its role in a myriad of potential health benefits. These include diarrhea prevention in antibiotic treated patients, cholesterol reduction, alleviation of lactose intolerance symptoms, immune stimulation and cancer prevention. The stabilizing effect on GIT microflora is attributed to the capacity of bifidobacterium to produce bacteriocins, which are bacteriostatic agents with a broad spectrum of action, and to their pH-reducing activity. Selection of suitable strains for probiotic purposes is very difficult as inherent characteristics of strains of B. longum that are necessary for its survival and competition in the human large intestine are currently very poorly understood. The use of the sequenced genome in microarray analysis reveals pertinent traits that are important to attain dominance in these complex ecosystems. Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis ATCC15697, is the archetypical human milk oligosaccharide-utilizing bacterium. It was isolated from an infant intestine. [UP000007256] The human gut is colonized with a wide variety of microorganisms, including species, such as those belonging to the bacterial genus Bifidobacterium, that have beneficial effects on human physiology and pathology. Among the most distinctive benefits of bifidobacteria are modulation of host defence responses and protection against infectious diseases. Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis (strain 157F) is a obligate anaerobic, host-associated, Gram-positive bacterium that is commonly found in the intestines of humans and most animals and insects. The genes encoding an ATP-binding-cassette-type carbohydrate transporter present in B. longum subsp. infantis contribute to protect mice against death induced by E. coli O157:H7. This effect can be attributed, at least in part, to increased production of acetate and that translocation of the E. coli O157:H7 Shiga toxin from the gut lumen to the blood is inhibited. Acetate produced by protective B. longum subsp. infantis improves intestinal defence mediated by epithelial cells and thereby protects the host against lethal infection. (Adapted from PMID: 21270894). [UP000008150] The human gut is colonized with a wide variety of microorganisms, including species, such as those belonging to the bacterial genus Bifidobacterium, that have beneficial effects on human physiology and pathology. Among the most distinctive benefits of bifidobacteria are modulation of host defence responses and protection against infectious diseases. Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum (strain ATCC 15707 / DSM 20219 / JCM 1217 / NCTC 11818 / E194b) is a obligate anaerobic, host-associated, Gram-positive bacterium that is commonly found in the intestines of humans and most animals and insects. The genes encoding an ATP-binding-cassette-type carbohydrate transporter present in B. longum subsp. longumcontribute to protect mice against death induced by E. coli O157:H7. This effect can be attributed, at least in part, to increased production of acetate and that translocation of the E. coli O157:H7 Shiga toxin from the gut lumen to the blood is inhibited. Acetate produced by protective B. longum subsp. longum improves intestinal defence mediated by epithelial cells and thereby protects the host against lethal infection. (Adapted from PMID: 21270894). [UP000007255] Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum (strain JDM301) is a probiotic Gram-negative bacterium which naturally inhabits the human gastrointestinal tract and vagina. It plays an important role in the stability of the intestinal microflora and the modulation of the immune response. (adapted from PMID: 20525832). [UP000006740] Bifidobacteria represent an important group of the intestinal microbiota of humans and are believed to be promising candidates for pharmaceutical applications and functional food products due to their ability to exclude intestinal pathogens, strengthen the intestinal barrier, and/or modulate the immune response in the intestine. Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum (strain BBMN68) is a anaerobic Gram-positive bacterium isolated from the feces of a healthy centenarian living in an area of BaMa, Guangxi, China. (Adapted from PMID: 21097614). [UP000006891] This strain was isolated from feces of neonates. The genome contains two plasmids. [PMID: 21742881] This strain was isolated from the feces of a healthy adult inhabiting Central Russia and demonstrated good probiotic properties. This strain has no plasmids. [PMID: 25523785] Bifidobacteria represent only 3Ì6% of the adult fecal flora and their presence has been associated with beneficial health effects, such as prevention of diarrhea, amelioration of lactose intolerance, or immunomodulation. These correlations have led to widespread use of bifidobacteria as components of health-promoting foods. B. longum was isolated from infant feces. B. longum has an excessive number of genes associated with oligosaccharide me- tabolism, comprising __8% of the genome. [PMID: 12381787] Bifidobacterium longum is an anaerobic, non-halophilic, Gram-positive bacterium that is commonly found in the intestines of humans and most animals and insects. They were first isolated and described over one hundred years ago from human feces and were quickly associated with a healthy gastrointestinal tract (GIT) due to their numerical dominance in breast fed infants compared to bottle fed infants. In the neonate their numerical advantage confers a substantial health benefit by hindering pathogen colonization through competitive exclusion. It is important for establishing and maintaining homeostasis of the intestinal ecosystem to allow for normal digestion. B. longum is characterized by a unique hexose metabolism that occurs via a phosphoketolase pathway often termed the bifid shunt. Fructose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase (F6PPK) is a key enzyme of the bifid shunt and its presence is the most common diagnostic test for this genus, as it is not present in other Gram-positive intestinal bacteria. B. longum is often the dominant species detected in humans and is the only species to regularly harbor plasmids. It is a leading member of the probiotic bacteria due to numerous studies that have provided a growing body of evidence for its role in a myriad of potential health benefits. These include diarrhea prevention in antibiotic treated patients, cholesterol reduction, alleviation of lactose intolerance symptoms, immune stimulation and cancer prevention. The stabilizing effect on GIT microflora is attributed to the capacity of bifidobacterium to produce bacteriocins, which are bacteriostatic agents with a broad spectrum of action, and to their pH-reducing activity. Selection of suitable strains for probiotic purposes is very difficult as inherent characteristics of strains of B. longum that are necessary for its survival and competition in the human large intestine are currently very poorly understood. The use of the sequenced genome in microarray analysis reveals pertinent traits that are important to attain dominance in these complex ecosystems. [UP000000439] The stabilizing effect on GIT microflora is attributed to the capacity of bifidobacterium to produce bacteriocins, which are bacteriostatic agents with a broad spectrum of action, and to their pH-reducing activity. Selection of suitable strains for probiotic purposes is very difficult as inherent characteristics of strains of B. longum that are necessary for its survival and competition in the human large intestine are currently very poorly understood. The use of the sequenced genome in microarray analysis reveals pertinent traits that are important to attain dominance in these complex ecosystems. Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis ATCC15697, is the archetypical human milk oligosaccharide-utilizing bacterium. It was isolated from an infant intestine. [UP000001360]
Reuter, G. (1963). Comparative studies on the bifidus flora in the feces of infants and adults. With a contribution to classification and nomenclature of bifidus strains. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde, Infektionskrankheiten und Hygiene. 1. Abt. Medizinisch-hygienische Bakteriologie, Virusforschung und Parasitologie. Originale, 191, 486–507.
| Lineage | Physiology | General | Growth Tolerances | Hydrol./digest./degr. |
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Health: Unknown
Source: human faeces and clinical sources (blood - CCUG)
DNA G+C(%): 61
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| Monosaccharide O/F | Oligosaccharide O/F | Polysaccharide O/F | Polyol O/F | Other O/F |
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| Monosaccharide util/assim | Oligosaccharide util/assim | Other carboh. util/assim | Amino acid util/assim | Organic acid util/assim |
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| Enzymes: General | Enzymes: Carbohydrate | Enzymes: Protein | Enzymes: Arylamidases | Enzymes: Esters/fats |
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| Fuel | Usable Metabolites | Metabolites Released | Special Products | Compounds Produced |
Acetate |
Bacteriocin |
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| Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) | Cephalosporins (μg/mL) | Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) | Macrolides (μg/mL) | Quinolones (μg/mL) |
amoxicillin: S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.06-1)
Augmentin: S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.015-2)
ampicillin: S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.06–1)
amp-sulb: S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.06–1)
azlocillin: Sens
aztreonam: Res
bacampicillin: Sens
benzyl-pen: Sens
cloxacillin: RNG: (0.98-15.6)
dicloxacillin: Sens
oxacillin: Sens
penicillin_G: S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.03-1)
piperacillin: Sens
piper-taz: S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.03-1)
ticarcillin: Sens
imipenem: S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (≤0.03-0.25)
meropenem: Sens
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cefaclor: Res
cefadroxil: Res
cefalexin: Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.25->32)
cefazolin: Sens
cefdinir: Sens
cefepime: Res
cefixime: Res
cefmetazole: Res
cefoperazone: Sens
cefotaxime: Sens
cefotetan: Res
cefotiam: Sens
cefoxitin: S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.5–32)
ceftazidime: Res
cefuroxime: Sens
cephalothin: Sens
moxalactam: Sens
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amikacin: Sens
dihydrostrept: Sens
gentamicin: R(MIC50): 283, MIC90: >500, RNG: (50->500)
kanamycin: R(150->1500)
neomycin: R(MIC50): 53, MIC90: 95, RNG: (20-200)
sisomicin: Res
spectinomycin: Sens
streptomycin: Var(MIC50): 157, MIC90: 1147, RNG: (20->1500)
tobramycin: Res
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azithromycin: Var(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 8, RNG: (≤0.03->32)
erythromycin: S(MIC50): ≤0.03, MIC90: 2, RNG: (≤0.03-16)
fidaxomicin: S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.03–0.25)
clarithromycin: Sens
pristinamycin: Sens
quin-dalf: S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.125-0.5)
roxithromycin: Sens
spiramycin: Sens
telithromycin: S(MIC50): ≤0.002, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (≤0.002-0.125)
josamycin: Sens
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linezolid: S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.5-1)
ciprofloxacin: Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: >8, RNG: (≤0.5->8)
clavulanate: Res
clinafloxacin: S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.03->32)
enoxacin: Res
gatifloxacin: S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.5-2)
levofloxacin: Var(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.25-8)
moxifloxacin: Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.06–16)
nalidixic-acid: R(>200)
norfloxacin: Res
ofloxacin: Var
pefloxacin: Res
pipemidic_acid: Res
sarafloxacin: Sens
sparfloxacin: Sens
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| Tetracyclines (μg/mL) | Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) | Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) | Heterocycles (μg/mL) | Other (μg/mL) |
doxycycline: Sens
chlortetracycline: Sens
meclocycline: Sens
methacycline: Sens
minocycline: S(vr)
oxytetracycline: Sens
tetracycline: Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.125-32)
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teicoplanin: S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.125–0.5)
vancomycin: S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.25-1)
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bacitracin: S(MIC50): 0.3, MIC90: 0.66, RNG: (0.05-0.8)
nisin_A: Sens
rifabutin: Sens
rifampicin: Sens
rifapentine: Sens
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chloramphenicol: S(MIC50): 2.5, MIC90: 3.6, RNG: (3-4)
isoniazid: Res
metronidazole: R(MIC50): 32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.125->32)
nitrofurantoin: S(MIC50): 17, MIC90: 19, RNG: 4-40)
sulfadiazine: Res
sulfadimethoxine: Res
sulfamethoxazole: Res
sulfanilamide: Res
trimethoprim: Sens
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clindamycin: S(MIC50): ≤0.03, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.03->32)
lincomycin: S(MIC50): 1.6, MIC90: 3.5, RNG: (0.1-0-6)
daptomycin: S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.03-1)
colistin: Res
polymyxin_B: R(>700)
fusidic-acid: Sens
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