Brevibacillus brevis sensu stricto

(aka Bacillus brevis)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Brevibacillus brevis, (aka Bacillus brevis), is a Gram-variable, spore-forming, strictly aerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 3 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 47-51.9%. Brevibacillus brevis is probably a rare gut coloniser. (Shida1996; Logan2011bBergey; Nakamura1991; Pederson1938; Takagi1993; Hammes2011dBergey; Rossi2016; Walter2008)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces, soil and dust. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 1, i.e., low risk of infection and spread (notes: opportunistic in immunocompromised patients). Can cause opportunistic infections, particularly in immunocompromised people. Is a known gut commensal. Robust growth can have positive consequences for gut health.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Shida1996); (Logan2011bBergey); (Nakamura1991); (Pederson1938); (Takagi1993); (Hammes2011dBergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • aesculin; casein; gelatin; tyrosine;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • strain-variable at 2.0(d)%; doesn't tolerate 3.0% salt;
  • pH
  • Acidity tolerance:
  • tolerates pH 5.6; Grows optimally at pH 7.0.
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • strain-variable at 20(d); doesn't grow at 50℃;
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • fructose; galactose; glucose; ribose; glycogen; cellubiose; maltose; sucrose; trehalose; glycerol; N-Ac glucosamine;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • fructose; glucose; glycerol; isomaltose; maltose; maltotriose; mannitol; melezitose; ribose; sucrose; trehalose; alanine; D-alanine; proline; serine; acetate; citrate; fumarate; 3-hydroxybutyrate; malate; succinate;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • cellubiose; ethanolamine; γ-aminobutyrate; 2-ketoglutarate; phenylacetate;
  • Active enzymes:
  • D-alanine peptidase; alkaline phosphatase; N-Ac β-glucosaminidase; catalase; oxidase; pyrrolidine arylamidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Logan2011bBergey); (Nakamura1991); (Pederson1938); (Takagi1993); (Hammes2011dBergey);
    Character Response
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • H₂S; indole;
  • ✗
  • VP test:
  • not active
  • ✓
  • ONPG test:
  • active
  • Lysozyme:
  • inhibited (0.001%)
  • ✓
  • Nitrate:
  • reduced
  • ✓
  • NO3➔NO2:
  • reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Goldstein2003); (Takagi1993); (Citron2012); (Goldstein2006); (Goldstein2006c); (Citron2003); (Citron2001);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • ampicillin;
  • Macrolides:
  • erythromycin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • tetracycline;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • neomycin;
  • Polypep/ketides:
  • gramicidin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol;

  • Taylor, G. R., Kropp, K. D., & Molina, T. C. (1985). Nine-year microflora study of an isolator-maintained immunodeficient child. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 50(6), 1349–1356.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Bacillales Family:  Paenibacillaceae Genus:  Brevibacillus Alt. name:  Bacillus brevis Gram stain:  vr O2 Relation.:  strictly aerobic Spore:  Endospore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod
    Health:   Positive
    Source:  human faeces, soil and dust
    DNA G+C(%):  47-51.9
    Lower T(℃):  20(d)
    High T(℃):  50(neg)
    NaCl 0.5-2%:  2.0(d)
    NaCl 3-5%:  3.0(neg)
    Opt. pH:  7.0
    pH 4.2-5.9:  5.6(+)
    		Aesculin:  + Urea:  neg Gelatin:  + Starch:  neg Casein:  + Arginine:  neg Tyrosine:  +
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  vr Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  + D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  + Lactose:  neg Maltose:  + Melibiose:  neg Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + Glycogen:  + Glycerol:  + Mannitol:  vr Sorbitol:  neg NAc-α-GA:  + Salicin:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Galactose:  neg Glucose:  + Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  + Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  d Gentiobiose:  neg Isomaltose:  + Lactose:  neg Maltose:  + Maltotriose:  + Melezitose:  + Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + Adonitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Ethanolamine:  d Glycerol:  + Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  + Me-α-D-Glc:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Ala:  + D-Ala:  + 4-Aminobutyrate:  d Pro:  + Ser:  + Trp:  neg Tyr:  neg Acetate:  + Citrate:  + Fumarate:  + DL-Glycerate:  neg 3-Hydroxybutyrate:  + 2-Ketogluconate:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  neg Malate:  + Mucate:  neg Phenylacetate:  d Propionate:  neg Quinate:  neg Saccharate:  neg Succinate:  +
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  + Catalase:  + Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  + α-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  neg D-AlaninePA:  + PyrrolidAA:  + AlkalineP:  + Lecithinase:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		H2S:  neg Indole:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    ampicillin:  R(10; disc)
    neomycin:  R(50; disc)
    erythromycin:  S(20; disc)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    tetracycline:  S(30; disc)
    gramicidin:  R(50; disc)
    chloramphenicol:  R(10; disc, variable)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR BREVIBACILLUS BREVIS
  • Shida1996 - Proposal for Two New Genera, Brevibacillus gen. nov. and Aneurinibacillus gen. nov.
  • Logan2011bBergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Paenibacillaceae, Genus IV. Brevibacillus
  • Goldstein2003 - In Vitro Activities of Daptomycin, Vancomycin, Quinupristin- Dalfopristin, Linezolid, and Five Other Antimicrobials against 307 Gram-Positive Anaerobic and 31 Corynebacterium Clinical Isolates.
  • Zheng2020 - A taxonomic note on the genus Lactobacillus: Description of 23 novel genera, emended description of the genus Lactobacillus Beijerinck 1901, and union of Lactobacillaceae and Leuconostocaceae.
  • Nakamura1991 - Bacillus brevis Migula 1900 Taxonomy: Reassociation and Base Composition of DNA.
  • Pederson1938 - The Gas-producing Species of the Genus Lactobacillus.
  • Takagi1993 - Characterization of Bacillus brevis with Descriptions of Bacillus migulanus sp. nov., Bacillus choshinensis sp. nov., Bacillus parabrevis sp. nov., and Bacillus galactophilus sp. nov.
  • Hammes2011dBergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Lactobacillaceae, Genus I. Levilactobacillus
  • Sohier1999 - Molecular identification of Lactobacillus hilgardii and genetic relatedness with Lactobacillus brevis.
  • Rossi2016 - Mining metagenomic whole genome sequences revealed subdominant but constant Lactobacillus population in the human gut microbiota.
  • Walter2008 - Ecological role of lactobacilli in the gastrointestinal tract: implications for fundamental and biomedical research.
  • Cheggour2000 - The dppA gene of Bacillus subtilis encodes a new D-aminopeptidase.
  • Citron2012 - In vitro activities of CB-183,315, vancomycin, and metronidazole against 556 strains of Clostridium difficile, 445 other intestinal anaerobes, and 56 Enterobacteriaceae species.
  • Goldstein2006 - In vitro activity of moxifloxacin against 923 anaerobes isolated from human intra-abdominal infections.
  • Goldstein2006c - Comparative in vitro susceptibilities of 396 unusual anaerobic strains to tigecycline and eight other antimicrobial agents.
  • Citron2003 - In vitro activities of ramoplanin, teicoplanin, vancomycin, linezolid, bacitracin, and four other antimicrobials against intestinal anaerobic bacteria.
  • Citron2001 - Comparative in vitro activities of ABT-773 against 362 clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria.
  • Boekhorst2006 - Comparative analysis of proteins with a mucus-binding domain found exclusively in lactic acid bacteria.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR BREVIBACILLUS BREVIS
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Taylor1985 - Nine-year microflora study of an isolator-maintained immunodeficient child.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR BREVIBACILLUS BREVIS
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
    • Added: April 08, 2021