Brevibacterium casei

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Brevibacterium casei is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, aerobic, non-motile, pleiomorphic bacterium. It has been detected in at least 2 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 66.2-67.2%. Brevibacterium casei is probably a rare gut coloniser. (Collins1983a; Gruner1993)



  • This organism has been recovered from cheese, milk, clinical sources (blood, wound - CCUG) and human faeces. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 1, i.e., low risk of infection and spread (notes: opportunistic in immunocompromised patients). Is a rare opportunistic pathogen. A possible gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Collins1983a); (Gruner1993);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • casein; DNA; gelatin; tyrosine;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • tolerates 6-10% salt;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • grows at 40℃; Grows optimally at 30-37℃.
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • N-acetylglucosamine; amygdalin; arbutin; cellubiose; fructose; gentiobiose; maltose; mannitol; mannose; methyl-α-glucoside; salicin; sucrose; D-tagatose; trehalose; acetate; lactate;
  • Active enzymes:
  • catalase; esterase C4; pyrrolidine arylamidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Collins1983a); (Gruner1993);
    Character Response
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • H₂S; indole;
  • ✓
  • VP test:
  • active
  • Nitrate:
  • reduction is variable
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Benson2021); (Gruner1993); (Troxler2001);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • meropenem; penicillin G; piperacillin-tazobactam;
  • amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ampicillin-sulbactam; azlocillin; aztreonam; mezlocillin; piperacillin; ticarcillin;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefaclor; cefazolin; cefdinir; cefixime; cefotiam; cefpodoxime;
  • Macrolides:
  • azithromycin; clarithromycin; erythromycin; quinupristin-dalfopristin; roxithromycin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • doxycycline; minocycline; tetracycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • ciprofloxacin; clinafloxacin; ofloxacin; sparfloxacin;
  • enoxacin; pipemidic-acid;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • amikacin; gentamicin; kanamycin; neomycin; netilmycin;
  • Polypep/ketides:
  • rifampicin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol;
  • co-trimoxazole; fosfomycin; fusidic-acid; nitrofurantoin; sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin; teicoplanin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • clindamycin; lincomycin; linezolid;

  • Lagier, J.-C., Armougom, F., Million, M., Hugon, P., Pagnier, I., Robert, C., Bittar, F., Fournous, G., Gimenez, G., Maraninchi, M., Trape, J.-F., Koonin, E. V., La Scola, B., & Raoult, D. (2012). Microbial culturomics: paradigm shift in the human gut microbiome study. Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 18(12), 1185–1193.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Actinobacteria Class:  Actinomycetia Order:  Micrococcales Family:  Brevibacteriaceae Genus:  Brevibacterium Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  aerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Pleiomorphic
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  cheese, milk, clinical sources (blood, wound - CCUG) and human faeces
    DNA G+C(%):  66.2-67.2
    Opt. T:  30-37℃
    Mid T(℃):  40(+)
    NaCl >6%:  6-10(+)
    		Aesculin:  vr Urea:  neg Gelatin:  + Casein:  + DNA:  + Tyrosine:  +
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg D-Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  neg Fucose:  neg D-Fucose:  neg Galactose:  neg Glucose:  neg Mannose:  neg D-Lyxose:  neg Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  neg Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  neg L-Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Gentiobiose:  neg Lactose:  neg Maltose:  neg Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  neg Sucrose:  neg Trehalose:  neg Turanose:  neg Amygdalin:  neg Glycogen:  neg Inulin:  neg Starch:  neg Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  neg Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Xylitol:  neg Arbutin:  neg Gluconate:  neg 2-Ketogluconate:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  neg Me-α-D-Glc:  neg Me-α-D-Mann:  neg Me-Xyloside:  neg NAc-α-GA:  neg Salicin:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Fructose:  + Mannose:  + D-Tagatose:  + Cellubiose:  + Gentiobiose:  + Maltose:  + Melibiose:  neg Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + N_Acetyl_glucosamine:  + Amygdalin:  + Arbutin:  + Mannitol:  + Me-α-D-Glc:  + Salicin:  + Acetate:  + Lactate:  +
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  neg Catalase:  + Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  neg α-Glucosidase:  vr β-Glucosidase:  neg α-Mannosidase:  neg ArgDH:  neg LysDC:  neg OrnDC:  neg LeuAA:  vr PyrrolidAA:  + AlkalineP:  vr AcidP:  vr Esterase(C4):  + EstLip(C8):  vr Lipase(C14):  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		H2S:  neg Indole:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  RNG: (4-16)
    Augmentin:  R(4-8)
    amp-sulb:  R(4-8)
    azlocillin:  R(8-32)
    aztreonam:  R(128)
    benzyl-pen:  RNG: (1-4)
    mezlocillin:  R(16-32)
    oxacillin:  RNG: (8-16)
    penicillin_G:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.12-4)
    piperacillin:  R(16-64)
    piper-taz:  SensRNG: (16-64)
    ticarcillin:  R(8-32)
    imipenem:  RNG: (0.5-8)
    meropenem:  SensRNG: (0.13-0.5)
    cefaclor:  SensRNG: (2-16)
    cefazolin:  SensRNG: (2-8)
    cefdinir:  SensRNG: (1-2)
    cefepime:  Var(MIC50): 2-32), MIC90: Var(2-32
    cefixime:  SensRNG: (4-16)
    cefoperazone:  Var(MIC50): 1-64), MIC90: Var(1-64
    cefotaxime:  Var(MIC50): 1-16), MIC90: Var(1-16
    cefotiam:  SensRNG: (4-8)
    cefoxitin:  Var(MIC50): 4-16), MIC90: Var(4-16
    cefpodoxime:  SensRNG: (0.5-2)
    ceftazidime:  Var(MIC50): 4-128), MIC90: Var(4-128
    cefuroxime:  Var(MIC50): 2-16), MIC90: Var(2-16
    amikacin:  SensRNG: (1-4)
    apramycin:  Var(MIC50): 8-32), MIC90: Var(8-32
    gentamicin:  SensRNG: (0.25-1)
    kanamycin:  SensRNG: (8-16)
    neomycin:  SensRNG: (0.25-1)
    netilmycin:  SensRNG: (2-8)
    spectinomycin:  Var(MIC50): 16-256), MIC90: Var(16-256
    streptomycin:  Var(MIC50): 2-1024), MIC90: Var(2-1024
    tobramycin:  RNG: (2-8)
    azithromycin:  SensRNG: (0.06-0.5)
    erythromycin:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.5-4)
    clarithromycin:  SensRNG: (0.03-1)
    quin-dalf:  SensRNG: (0.13-4)
    roxithromycin:  SensRNG: (0.13-2)
    linezolid:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 1, RNG: (1-)
    ciprofloxacin:  S(0.5/2)
    clinafloxacin:  S(0.06/1)
    enoxacin:  R(8-16)
    norfloxacin:  RNG: (2-8)
    ofloxacin:  SensRNG: (0.5-2)
    pefloxacin:  RNG: (4-8)
    pipemidic_acid:  R(64-128)
    sparfloxacin:  SensRNG: (0.25-1)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  SensRNG: (0.5-1)
    minocycline:  SensRNG: (0.5-2)
    tetracycline:  SensRNG: (2-8)
    teicoplanin:  SensRNG: (0.5-2)
    vancomycin:  SensRNG: (0.5-1)
    rifampicin:  SensRNG: (0.01-0.03)
    chloramphenicol:  SensRNG: (2-16)
    fosfomycin:  R(512)
    nitrofurantoin:  R(512)
    sulfamethoxazole:  R(1024)
    trimethoprim:  R(128)
    co-trimoxazole:  R(512)
    clindamycin:  SensRNG: (0.01-2)
    lincomycin:  SensRNG: (0.13-2)
    fusidic-acid:  R(512)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR BREVIBACTERIUM CASEI
  • Benson2021 - Successful Treatment of Brevibacterium Bacteremia Solely With Antimicrobial Therapy.
  • Collins1983a - Brevibacterium casei sp. nov. and Brevibacterium epidermidis sp. nov.
  • Gruner1993 - Characterization of Brevibacterium spp. from clinical specimens.
  • Troxler2001 - Natural Antibiotic Susceptibility of Recently Established Coryneform Bacteria.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR BREVIBACTERIUM CASEI
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
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    • Added: April 08, 2021