Burkholderia cepacia

(aka Pseudomonas cepacia)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Burkholderia cepacia, (aka Pseudomonas cepacia), is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, aerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 3 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 66.6%. Burkholderia cepacia is probably a rare gut coloniser. (Yabuuchi1992; Yabuuchi1995; Garrity2005aBergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces, clinical sources (sputum, blood, urine - CCUG), and plant pathogen. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread (notes: human, animal and plant pathogen). It is an opportunistic pathogen. A possible gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Yabuuchi1992); (Yabuuchi1995); (Garrity2005aBergey);
    Character Response
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • tolerates 3-5% salt;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • grows at 40℃;
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • arabinose; D-arabinose; fructose; galactose; glucose; mannose; ribose; xylose; cellubiose; lactose; maltose; sucrose; trehalose; dulcitol; glycerol; inositol; mannitol; sorbitol; salicin;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • N-acetylglucosamine; adonitol; amygdalin; arabinose; L-arabinose; d_arabitol; L-arabitol; arbutin; cellubiose; dulcitol; aesculin; ethanolamine; fructose; fucose; D-fucose; galactose; gluconate; glucosamine; gentiobiose; glucose; glycerol; inositol; lactose; D-lyxose; mannitol; melibiose; ribose; raffinose; salicin; sorbitol; sucrose; D-tagatose; trehalose; xylitol; xylose; alanine; D-alanine; β-alanine; γ-aminobutyrate; δ-aminovalerate; arginine; aspartate; betaine; L-citrulline; cysteine; glutamate; histidine; isoleucine; DL-kynurenine; leucine; lysine; norleucine; ornithine; phenylalanine; proline; sarcosine; serine; threonine; tryptamine; tryptophan; tyrosine; acetate; aconitate; adipate; azelate; butyrate; caprate; caproate; caprylate; citraconate; citrate; fumarate; glutarate; DL-glycerate; glycolate; heptanoate; 3-hydroxybutyrate; 3-hydroxybenzoate; 4-hydroxybenzoate; 2-ketogluconate; 5-ketogluconate; 2-ketoglutarate; DL-lactate; levulinate; malate; L-malate; maleate; malonate; L-mandelate; mesaconate; nonanoate; phenylacetate; pimelate; propionate; pyruvate; suberate; succinate; valerate; glutamine;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • benzoate; L-tartrate; meso-tartrate;
  • Active enzymes:
  • alkaline phosphatase; acid phosphatase; N-Ac β-glucosaminidase; catalase; esterase lipase C8; Leu arylamidase; lipase C14; lycine decarboxylase; ornithine decarboxylase; phenylalanine deaminase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Yabuuchi1992); (Yabuuchi1995); (Garrity2005aBergey);
    Character Response
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • H₂S; indole;
  • Nitrate:
  • reduction is variable
  • ✗
  • NO3➔NO2:
  • not reduced
  • Pigments:
  • pink
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin; amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ampicillin; ampicillin-sulbactam; aztreonam; doripenem; ertapenem; imipenem; piperacillin; ticarcillin; ticarcillin-clavulanic acid;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefdinir; cefepime; cefotetan; cefpirom; cefpodoxime; ceftazidime;
  • Macrolides:
  • erythromycin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • minocycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • ofloxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • amikacin; gentamicin; tobramycin;
  • Polypep/ketides:
  • rifampicin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • co-trimoxazole;
  • fosfomycin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • colistin; polymyxin B;
  • NOTES

    Utilises numerous unusual substrates, such as 2-aminobenzoate, 2-aminobutyrate, 3-aminobutyrate, n-aminovalerate, amylamine, arginine, benzylamine (some strains), butylamine, diaminobutane, 2-hydroxybenzoate (for some strains), oxalate and sarcosine.

    http://www.antimicrobe.org/b19.asp

  • Wang, X., Heazlewood, S. P., Krause, D. O., & Florin, T. H. J. (2003). Molecular characterization of the microbial species that colonize human ileal and colonic mucosa by using 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 95(3), 508–520.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Proteobacteria Class:  Betaproteobacteria Order:  Burkholderiales Family:  Burkholderiaceae Genus:  Burkholderia Alt. name:  Pseudomonas cepacia Gram stain:  neg O2 Relation.:  aerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod Pigment:  pink
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces, clinical sources (sputum, blood, urine - CCUG), and plant pathogen
    DNA G+C(%):  66.6
    Mid T(℃):  40(+)
    NaCl 3-5%:  3-5(+)
    		Aesculin:  vr Urea:  neg Gelatin:  vr Starch:  neg Tween:  80(+)
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  + D-Arabinose:  + L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  + Xylose:  + Cellubiose:  + Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  neg Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + Inulin:  neg Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  + Glycerol:  + Inositol:  + Mannitol:  + Sorbitol:  + Ethanol:  + 5-Ketogluconate:  neg Salicin:  +
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Arabinose:  + L-Arabinose:  + Fructose:  + Fucose:  + D-Fucose:  + Galactose:  + Glucose:  + D-Lyxose:  + Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  + D-Tagatose:  + Xylose:  d(+) Cellubiose:  d(+) Gentiobiose:  d(+) Lactose:  + Maltose:  vr Melibiose:  + Raffinose:  d(+) Sucrose:  d(+) Trehalose:  + N_Acetyl_glucosamine:  + Adonitol:  + Amygdalin:  + D-Arabitol:  + L-Arabitol:  + Arbutin:  + Dulcitol:  + Erythritol:  neg Aesculin:  + Ethanolamine:  + Gluconate:  + Glucosamine:  + Glycerol:  + Glycogen:  neg Inositol:  + Inulin:  neg Mannitol:  + Salicin:  + Sorbitol:  + Xylitol:  + Ala:  + D-Ala:  + β-Ala:  + 4-Aminobutyrate:  + 5-Aminovalerate:  + Arg:  + Asp:  + Betaine:  + L-Citrulline:  + Cys:  + Glu:  + Gly:  neg Histamine:  neg His:  + Ile:  + DL-Kynurenine:  + Leu:  + Lys:  + Norleucine:  + Orn:  + Phe:  + Pro:  + Sarcosine:  + Ser:  + Thr:  + Tryptamine:  + Trp:  + Tyr:  + Val:  neg Acetate:  + Aconitate:  + Adipate:  + Azelate:  + Benzoate:  d Butyrate:  + Caprate:  + Caproate:  + Caprylate:  + Citraconate:  + Citrate:  + Fumarate:  + Glutarate:  + DL-Glycerate:  + Glycolate:  + Heptanoate:  + 3-Hydroxybutyrate:  + 3-Hydroxybenzoate:  + 4-Hydroxybenzoate:  + Isobutyrate:  neg Isovalerate:  neg Itaconate:  neg 2-Ketogluconate:  + 5-Ketogluconate:  + DL-Lactate:  + Levulinate:  + Malate:  + L-Malate:  + Maleate:  + Malonate:  + L-Mandelate:  + Mesaconate:  + Nonanoate:  + Phenylacetate:  + Pimelate:  + Propionate:  + Pyruvate:  + Sebacate:  neg Suberate:  + Succinate:  + D-Tartrate:  neg L-Tartrate:  d Valerate:  +
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  w Catalase:  + Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  + α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  neg α-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  neg α-Mannosidase:  neg ArgDH:  neg LysDC:  + OrnDC:  + Phe deaminase:  + LeuAA:  + AlkalineP:  + AcidP:  + Esterase(C4):  vr EstLip(C8):  + Lipase:  vr Lipase(C14):  +
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		H2S:  neg Indole:  neg Pigment:  pink
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  R(-/>128)
    Augmentin:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >128, RNG: (32-32)
    ampicillin:  R(>1000)
    amp-sulb:  Res
    aztreonam:  R(MIC50): >512, MIC90: >512, RNG: (4->512)
    piperacillin:  R(MIC50): >256, MIC90: >512, RNG: (1->512)
    piper-taz:  Var(MIC50): -, MIC90: 32
    ticarcillin:  Res
    tica-clav:  R(>64/>64)
    doripenem:  R(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.5-256)
    ertapenem:  R(MIC50): >8, MIC90: >16, RNG: (4->16)
    imipenem:  R(MIC50): 16, MIC90: 32, RNG: (8-32)
    meropenem:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 8, RNG: (1-16)
    cefdinir:  R(MIC50): 32, MIC90: 64, RNG: (2-128)
    cefepime:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (4->32)
    cefotaxime:  Var(MIC50): -, MIC90: 16
    cefotetan:  R(MIC50): 64, MIC90: >64, RNG: (8->64)
    cefpirom:  R(MIC50): 64, MIC90: 128, RNG: (16->128)
    cefpodoxime:  R(MIC50): 32, MIC90: 64, RNG: (16->128)
    ceftazidime:  R(MIC50): >16, MIC90: >512, RNG: (1->512)
    ceftizoxime:  Var(MIC50): -, MIC90: 8
    amikacin:  R(MIC50): >64, MIC90: >64, RNG: (32->64)
    gentamicin:  R(>1000)
    tobramycin:  R(MIC50): >256, MIC90: >512, RNG: (0.25->512)
    erythromycin:  R(>1000)
    ciprofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): >4, MIC90: >16, RNG: (1->16)
    clinafloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.015-16)
    garenoxacin:  Var(MIC50): 3.13, MIC90: 100, RNG: (0.78-100)
    gatifloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.125-64)
    levofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 8, RNG: (1-8)
    moxifloxacin:  Var(MIC50): >2, MIC90: >16, RNG: (0.12->16)
    ofloxacin:  R(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.125-32)
    trovafloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 1.56, MIC90: 50, RNG: (0.2-100)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  Var(MIC50): >4, MIC90: >16, RNG: (1->16)
    minocycline:  R(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 64, RNG: (0.5-64)
    rifampicin:  R(MIC50): >64, MIC90: >64, RNG: (32->64)
    fosfomycin:  Res
    co-trimoxazole:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.5-2)
    colistin:  Res
    polymyxin_B:  R(MIC50): >128, MIC90: >128, RNG: (>128)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR BURKHOLDERIA CEPACIA
  • Yabuuchi1992 - Proposal of Burkholderia gen. nov. and transfer of seven species of the genus Pseudomonas homology group II to the new genus, with the type species Burkholderia cepacia (Palleroni and Holmes 1981) comb. nov.
  • Yabuuchi1995 - Transfer of Two Burkholderia and An Alcaligenes Species to Ralstonia gen. nov.
  • Vandamme1997 - Occurrence of multiple genomovars of Burkholderia cepacia in cystic fibrosis patients and proposal of Burkholderia multivorans sp. nov.
  • Garrity2005aBergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 2, The The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta-, and Epsilonproteobacteria Part C. Family Burkholderiaceae, Genus I. Burkholderia
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR BURKHOLDERIA CEPACIA
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • ...............................
    • Added: April 08, 2021