Campylobacter gracilis

(aka Bacteroides gracilis)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Campylobacter gracilis, (aka Bacteroides gracilis), is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, microaerophilic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 7 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 44–46%. Campylobacter gracilis is probably a common, although minor, coloniser of the gut. (VanDamme2005Bergey; Liu2018a; Tanner1981)



  • This organism has been recovered from clinical sources (dental disease - CCUG) and human faeces. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread. Could be a possible pathogen in humans, but unknown at this stage. A possible gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (VanDamme2005Bergey); (Tanner1981);
    Character Response
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • strain-variable at 2.0(d)%;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • doesn't grow at 25℃; doesn't grow at 42(d)℃;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • formate; fumarate;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent active enzymes:
  • catalase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (VanDamme2005Bergey); (Tanner1981);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • succinate; H₂S; H₂;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • indole;
  • ✗
  • VP test:
  • not active
  • ±
  • Nitrate:
  • reduced by most strains
  • ✓
  • Nitrite:
  • reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Goldstein2003); (AlmaguerFlores2006); (VanDamme2005Bergey); (Johnson1986a); (Goldstein2006c); (Goldstein2003a); (Citron2001); (Goldstein2000a); (Goldstein1999b); (Citron1997); (Tanner1981);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin; carbenicillin; imipenem; meropenem; ticarcillin-clavulanic acid;
  • penicillin;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefotetan; ceftizoxime; cefuroxime; cephalothin;
  • cefalexin;
  • Macrolides:
  • azithromycin; clarithromycin; erythromycin; telithromycin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • doxycycline; tetracycline; tigecycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • gatifloxacin; gemifloxacin; moxifloxacin; ofloxacin; trovafloxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • kanamycin; streptomycin;
  • Polypep/ketides:
  • bacitracin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol; metronidazole;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • clindamycin; colistin; polymyxin B; telithromycin;
  • NOTES

    Media containing 1% glycine supports growth.

  • Bacterium Selenite reduction H2S/TSI Nitrate reduction Oxidase Catalase Indoxyl acetate hydrolysis
    Campylobacter coli + d + + + +
    Campylobacter upsaliensis + neg + + neg +
    Campylobacter rectus + neg + + d +
    Campylobacter showae + d + d + neg
    Campylobacter concisus d neg d d neg neg
    Campylobacter curvus neg d + + neg d
    Campylobacter gracilis neg neg d neg d d
    Campylobacter hominis neg neg neg + neg neg

  • Wexler, H. M., Reeves, D., Summanen, P. H., Molitoris, E., McTeague, M., Duncan, J., Wilson, K. H., & Finegold, S. M. (1996). Sutterella wadsworthensis gen. nov., sp. nov., bile-resistant microaerophilic Campylobacter gracilis-like clinical isolates. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 46(1), 252–258.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Proteobacteria Class:  Epsilonproteobacteria Order:  Campylobacterales Family:  Campylobacteraceae Genus:  Campylobacter Alt. name:  Bacteroides gracilis Gram stain:  neg O2 Relation.:  microaerophilic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Rod
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  clinical sources (dental disease - CCUG) and human faeces
    DNA G+C(%):  44–46
    Lower T(℃):  25(neg)
    High T(℃):  42(d(neg))
    NaCl 0.5-2%:  2.0(d)
    		Aesculin:  neg Urea:  neg Gelatin:  neg Starch:  neg Casein:  neg DNA:  neg Tyrosine:  neg Hippurate:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Glucose:  neg Mannose:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Hippurate:  neg Formate:  + Fumarate:  +
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  neg Catalase:  d(neg) Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  neg α-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  neg ArgDH:  neg γ-Glu transf.:  neg GluDC:  neg LysDC:  neg OrnDC:  neg AlanineAA:  neg GluGluAA:  neg GlyAA:  neg LeuAA:  neg LeuGlyAA:  neg PyrrolidAA:  neg AlkalineP:  neg Lecithinase:  neg Lipase:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Succinate:  + H2S:  + H2:  + Indole:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  S(1)
    Augmentin:  Var(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: >8, RNG: (0.06->8)
    amp-sulb:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.06–>32)
    carbenicil:  S(32)
    penicillin:  R(MIC50): 16, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.06–>32)
    penicillin_G:  Var(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 64, RNG: (≤0.03->64)
    piperacillin:  RNG: (2-26)
    piper-taz:  Var(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: >128, RNG: (0.06->128)
    tica-clav:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.06->128)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.015–16)
    meropenem:  S(MIC50): 0.015, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (0.015–0.06)
    cefalexin:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (2->32)
    cefotaxime:  Var(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 16, RNG: (≤0.015–16)
    cefotetan:  S(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 4, RNG: (1–4)
    cefoxitin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.25–>128)
    ceftizoxime:  SensRNG: (0.25-1)
    cefuroxime:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: -, RNG: (0.015–>32)
    cephalothin:  S(32)
    amikacin:  Var(MIC50): -, MIC90: 32
    gentamicin:  Var(MIC50): 2-4), MIC90: Var(2-4
    kanamycin:  SensRNG: (0.5-2)
    neomycin:  Var(MIC50): 16-32), MIC90: Var(16-32
    streptomycin:  SensRNG: (1-2)
    azithromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.125-0.5)
    erythromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.25-2)
    clarithromycin:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.25–>32)
    roxithromycin:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 16, RNG: (1–32)
    telithromycin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.06–8)
    ciprofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): ≤0.5, MIC90: >8, RNG: (≤0.5->8)
    gatifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: -, RNG: (0.03->8)
    gemifloxacin:  S(MIC50): ≤0.015, MIC90: 1, RNG: (≤0.015–1)
    levofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: >8, RNG: (≤0.06->8)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: -, RNG: (0.03->8)
    nalidixic-acid:  Var(MIC50): 16->128), MIC90: Var(16->128, Var(32)
    ofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.25–1)
    trovafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.06–0.5)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.06–8)
    minocycline:  Var(MIC50): 0.5-2), MIC90: Var(0.5-2
    tetracycline:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.125-2)
    tigecycline:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.06–0.5)
    vancomycin:  R(>128)
    bacitracin:  R(128)
    rifampicin:  Var(MIC50): 4-32), MIC90: Var(4-32
    chloramphenicol:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.25–32)
    metronidazole:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.25-4)
    clindamycin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.125-4)
    colistin:  SensRNG: (0.5-1)
    polymyxin_B:  SensRNG: (≤0.25-1)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR CAMPYLOBACTER GRACILIS
  • Goldstein2003 - In Vitro Activities of Daptomycin, Vancomycin, Quinupristin- Dalfopristin, Linezolid, and Five Other Antimicrobials against 307 Gram-Positive Anaerobic and 31 Corynebacterium Clinical Isolates.
  • AlmaguerFlores2006 - Proportion of antibiotic resistance in subgingival plaque samples from Mexican subjects.
  • Vandamme1995a - Chemotaxonomic Analyses of Bacteroides gracilis and Bacteroides ureolyticus and Reclassification of B. gracilis as Campylobacter gracilis comb. nov.
  • VanDamme2005Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 2, The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta-, and Epsilonproteobacteria Part C. Family Campylobacteraceae, Genus I. Campylobacter
  • Liu2018a - The Clinical Importance of Campylobacter concisus and Other Human Hosted Campylobacter Species.
  • Finegold2002 - Gastrointestinal microflora studies in late-onset autism
  • Ishaq2017 - Molecular estimation of alteration in intestinal microbial composition in Hashimoto's thyroiditis patients
  • Johnson1986a - In vitro activities of 17 antimicrobial agents against the formate/fumarate-requiring, anaerobic gram-negative bacilli.
  • Goldstein2006c - Comparative in vitro susceptibilities of 396 unusual anaerobic strains to tigecycline and eight other antimicrobial agents.
  • Goldstein2003a - In vitro activities of ABT-492, a new fluoroquinolone, against 155 aerobic and 171 anaerobic pathogens isolated from antral sinus puncture specimens from patients with sinusitis.
  • Citron2001 - Comparative in vitro activities of ABT-773 against 362 clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria.
  • Goldstein2000a - Comparative In vitro activities of ertapenem (MK-0826) against 1,001 anaerobes isolated from human intra-abdominal infections.
  • Goldstein1999b - Activities of telithromycin (HMR 3647, RU 66647) compared to those of erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, and other antimicrobial agents against unusual anaerobes.
  • Citron1997 - Comparative in vitro activities of trovafloxacin (CP-99,219) against 221 aerobic and 217 anaerobic bacteria isolated from patients with intra-abdominal infections.
  • Tanner1981 - Wolinella gen. nov., Wolinella succinogenes (Vibrio succinogenes Wolin et al.) comb. nov., and Description of Bacteroides gracilis sp. nov., Wolinella recta sp. nov., Campylobacter concisus sp. nov., and Eikenella corrodens from Humans with Periodontal Disease.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR CAMPYLOBACTER GRACILIS
  • Hu2019 - The Gut Microbiome Signatures Discriminate Healthy From Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Yang2020 - Species-Level Analysis of Human Gut Microbiota With Metataxonomics.
  • Yang2020a - Establishing high-accuracy biomarkers for colorectal cancer by comparing fecal microbiomes in patients with healthy families
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR CAMPYLOBACTER GRACILIS
  • VanDamme2005Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 2, The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta-, and Epsilonproteobacteria Part C. Family Campylobacteraceae, Genus I. Campylobacter
  • VanDamme2005aBergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 2, The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta-, and Epsilonproteobacteria Part C. Family Campylobacteraceae, Genus II. Arcobacter
    • Added: April 08, 2021