Chromobacterium violaceum

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Chromobacterium violaceum is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, aerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 2 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 65-68%. Chromobacterium violaceum is likely to be transient and not a long-term gut coloniser. (Kampfer2009a; Gillis2005Bergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from soil and water; clinical sources (septicemic infections). The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread (notes: human and animal pathogen). Is a known human pathogen. A possible gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Kampfer2009a); (Gillis2005Bergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • arginine; casein; chitin; gelatin;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • tolerates 3.5% salt; Grows optimally with 0-0.1% salt.
  • pH
  • Acidity tolerance:
  • tolerates pH 5.0; tolerates pH 9.5; Grows optimally at pH 6.0.
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • Grows optimally at 32℃.
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • fructose; glucose; mannose; glycogen; starch; trehalose; glycerol; gluconate; N-Ac glucosamine;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • sucrose;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • N-acetylglucosamine; fructose; gluconate; glucose; ribose; trehalose; alanine; β-alanine; histidine; serine; acetate; citrate; fumarate; DL-lactate; L-malate; propionate; pyruvate; succinate; D-glucosaminic acid;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • aspartate; proline; aconitate;
  • Active enzymes:
  • Ala arylamidase; alkaline phosphatase; acid phosphatase; oxidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Kampfer2009a); (Gillis2005Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • indole;
  • ✓
  • Haemolysis:
  • present
  • ±
  • NO3➔NO2:
  • reduced by most strains
  • Pigments:
  • violet
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Gillis2005Bergey);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • imipenem;
  • ampicillin; benzylpenicillin; penicillin G;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • chlortetracycline; oxytetracycline; tetracycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • ciprofloxacin; nalidixic-acid; norfloxacin; pefloxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • gentamicin; kanamycin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • nitrofurantoin; trimethoprim;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • colistin; vibriostatin A 0 129;

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Proteobacteria Class:  Betaproteobacteria Order:  Neisseriales Family:  Chromobacteriaceae Genus:  Chromobacterium Gram stain:  neg O2 Relation.:  aerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod Pigment:  violet
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  soil and water; clinical sources (septicemic infections)
    DNA G+C(%):  65-68
    Opt. T:  32℃
    NaCl 3-5%:  3.5(+)
    Opt. pH:  6.0
    pH 4.2-5.9:  5.0(+)
    pH >8:  9.5(+)
    		Aesculin:  neg Gelatin:  + Starch:  neg Casein:  + Arginine:  + Chitin:  + Tween:  80(+)
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Galactose:  neg Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  neg Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Lactose:  neg Maltose:  neg Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  neg Sucrose:  d(neg) Trehalose:  + Glycogen:  + Inulin:  neg Starch:  d(+) Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  + Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Gluconate:  + Me-α-D-Glc:  neg NAc-α-GA:  + Salicin:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Fructose:  + Galactose:  neg Glucose:  + Mannose:  neg Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  + Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Melibiose:  neg Sucrose:  neg Trehalose:  + N_Acetyl_glucosamine:  + Adonitol:  neg Arbutin:  neg Gluconate:  + Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Salicin:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Ala:  + β-Ala:  + 4-Aminobutyrate:  neg Asp:  d His:  + Leu:  neg Orn:  neg Phe:  neg Pro:  d Ser:  + Trp:  neg Acetate:  d(+) Aconitate:  cis(d) trans(neg) Adipate:  neg Azelate:  neg Citrate:  + Fumarate:  + Glutarate:  neg Glycerate:  neg 3-Hydroxybenzoate:  neg 4-Hydroxybenzoate:  neg Itaconate:  neg DL-Lactate:  + L-Malate:  + Mesaconate:  neg Phenylacetate:  neg Propionate:  d(+) Pyruvate:  + Suberate:  neg Succinate:  +
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  + Catalase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  neg Xylosidase:  neg AlanineAA:  + AlkalineP:  + AcidP:  +
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Indole:  neg Pigment:  violet
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    ampicillin:  R(25; disc)
    benzyl-pen:  R(10; disc)
    penicillin_G:  R(1.5U)
    imipenem:  S(clinic)
    gentamicin:  S(clinic)
    kanamycin:  S(30; disc)
    neomycin:  Var(MIC50): 10; disc), MIC90: Var(10; disc
    streptomycin:  Var(MIC50): 10; disc), MIC90: Var(10; disc
    ciprofloxacin:  S(clinic)
    nalidixic-acid:  S(30; disc)
    norfloxacin:  S(clinic)
    pefloxacin:  S(clinic)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    chlortetracycline:  S(10; disc)
    oxytetracycline:  S(10; disc)
    tetracycline:  S(30; disc)
    chloramphenicol:  Var(MIC50): 10; disc), MIC90: Var(10; disc
    nitrofurantoin:  S(200; disc)
    trimethoprim:  S(clinic)
    colistin:  R(10; disc)
    vibriostat_129:  R(50; disc)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR CHROMOBACTERIUM VIOLACEUM
  • Kampfer2009a - Chromobacterium piscinae sp. nov. and Chromobacterium pseudoviolaceum sp. nov., from environmental samples.
  • Kampfer2018 - Chromobacterium pseudoviolaceum Kämpfer et al. 2009 is a later heterotypic synonym of Chromobacterium violaceum Bergonzini 1880.
  • Gillis2005Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 2, The The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta-, and Epsilonproteobacteria Part C. Family Neisseriaceae, Genus Genus IV. Chromobacterium
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR CHROMOBACTERIUM VIOLACEUM
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • ...............................
    • Added: January 14, 2022