Citrobacter gillenii

(aka Citrobacter genomospecies 10)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Citrobacter gillenii, (aka Citrobacter genomospecies 10), is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 3 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. Citrobacter gillenii is probably a rare gut coloniser. (Brenner1999; Friederiksen2005Bergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces, urine, clinical sources and the environment. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread. Could be a possible pathogen in humans, but unknown at this stage. A possible gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Brenner1999); (Friederiksen2005Bergey);
    Character Response
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • arabinose; L-arabinose; glucose; mannose; rhamnose; xylose; amygdalin; cellubiose; maltose; mucate; trehalose; dulcitol; mannitol; sorbitol; 5-ketogluconate;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • L-arabinose; cellubiose; fructose; fucose; galactose; gluconate; gentiobiose; glucose; glycerol; inositol; lactose; maltose; maltotriose; mannitol; mannose; melibiose; rhamnose; ribose; sorbitol; trehalose; alanine; D-alanine; aspartate; glutamate; proline; aconitate; fumarate; DL-glycerate; 2-ketogluconate; 5-ketogluconate; DL-lactate; malate; L-malate; mucate; phenylacetate; phenylpropionate; propionate; methyl-β-glucoside; methyl-α-galactoside; methyl-β-galactoside; glutamine; m-coumarate;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • D-lyxose; xylose; δ-aminovalerate; tyrosine; 2-ketoglutarate; lactulose;
  • Active enzymes:
  • catalase; α-galactosidase; β-galactosidase; β-glucosidase;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent active enzymes:
  • arginine dihydrolase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Brenner1999); (Friederiksen2005Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • H₂S;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • indole;
  • ✓
  • Methyl red test:
  • active
  • ✗
  • VP test:
  • not active
  • ✓
  • NO3➔NO2:
  • reduced
  • ✗
  • Pigments:
  • not produced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Friederiksen2005Bergey);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Macrolides:
  • erythromycin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • tetracycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • nalidixic-acid;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol; fosfomycin; nitrofurantoin; trimethoprim;
  • fusidic-acid;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • polymyxin B;
  • clindamycin; lincomycin;

  • Brenner, D. J., O’Hara, C. M., Grimont, P. A., Janda, J. M., Falsen, E., Aldova, E., Ageron, E., Schindler, J., Abbott, S. L., & Steigerwalt, A. G. (1999). Biochemical identification of Citrobacter species defined by DNA hybridization and description of Citrobacter gillenii sp. nov. (formerly Citrobacter genomospecies 10) and Citrobacter murliniae sp. nov. (formerly Citrobacter genomospecies 11). Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 37(8), 2619–2624.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Proteobacteria Class:  Gammaproteobacteria Order:  Enterobacterales Family:  Enterobacteriaceae Genus:  Citrobacter Alt. name:  Citrobacter genomospecies 10 Gram stain:  neg O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod Pigment:  neg
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces, urine, clinical sources and the environment
    		Urea:  neg Gelatin:  neg Arginine:  neg DNA:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  + L-Arabinose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  + Xylose:  + Cellubiose:  + Maltose:  + Sucrose:  neg Trehalose:  + Amygdalin:  + Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  + Erythritol:  neg Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  + Sorbitol:  + 5-Ketogluconate:  +
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    L-Arabinose:  + Fructose:  + Fucose:  + Galactose:  + Glucose:  + D-Lyxose:  d Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  + Ribose:  + Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  d Cellubiose:  + Gentiobiose:  d(+) Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Maltotriose:  + Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  + Raffinose:  neg Sucrose:  neg D-Turanose:  neg Trehalose:  + Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Aesculin:  neg Ethanolamine:  neg Gluconate:  + Glycerol:  + Inositol:  + Mannitol:  + Me-α-D-Glc:  neg Sorbitol:  + Xylitol:  neg Ala:  + D-Ala:  + 4-Aminobutyrate:  neg 5-Aminovalerate:  d Asp:  + Betaine:  neg Glu:  d(+) Histamine:  neg His:  neg Pro:  d(+) Trigonelline:  neg Tryptamine:  neg Trp:  neg Tyr:  d Aconitate:  cis(+) trans(neg) Benzoate:  neg Caprate:  neg Caprylate:  neg Citrate:  w Fumarate:  + Glutarate:  neg DL-Glycerate:  + 3-Hydroxybutyrate:  neg 3-Hydroxybenzoate:  neg 4-Hydroxybenzoate:  neg Itaconate:  neg 2-Ketogluconate:  + 5-Ketogluconate:  + DL-Lactate:  + Malate:  + L-Malate:  + Malonate:  neg Mucate:  + Phenylacetate:  d(+) Phenylpropionate:  d(+) Propionate:  d(+) Quinate:  neg D-Tartrate:  neg L-Tartrate:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  neg Catalase:  + Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Galactosidase:  + β-Galactosidase:  + α-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucuronidase:  neg ArgDH:  d LysDC:  neg OrnDC:  neg Phe deaminase:  neg DNAse:  neg Lipase:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		H2S:  + Indole:  neg Pigment:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    erythromycin:  Res
    nalidixic-acid:  Sens
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    tetracycline:  Sens
    vancomycin:  Res
    chloramphenicol:  Sens
    fosfomycin:  Sens
    nitrofurantoin:  Sens
    trimethoprim:  Sens
    clindamycin:  Res
    lincomycin:  Res
    polymyxin_B:  Sens
    fusidic-acid:  Res

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR CITROBACTER GILLENII
  • Brenner1999 - Biochemical identification of Citrobacter species defined by DNA hybridization and description of Citrobacter gillenii sp. nov. (formerly Citrobacter genomospecies 10) and Citrobacter murliniae sp. nov. (formerly Citrobacter genomospecies 11).
  • Friederiksen2005Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 2, The Gammaproteobacteria Part B. Family Enterobacteriaceae, Genus X. Citrobacter
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR CITROBACTER GILLENII
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Yang2020 - Species-Level Analysis of Human Gut Microbiota With Metataxonomics.
  • Yang2020a - Establishing high-accuracy biomarkers for colorectal cancer by comparing fecal microbiomes in patients with healthy families
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR CITROBACTER GILLENII
  • CCUG - Culture Collection University of Gothenburg - Entire Collection
    • Added: April 08, 2021