Citrobacter koseri

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Citrobacter koseri is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 8 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 51-52%. Citrobacter koseri is probably a common, although minor, coloniser of the gut. (Brenner1999; Frederiksen1990; Friederiksen2005Bergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces, clinical sources (blood, wound, urine - CCUG) and the environment. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread. It is an opportunistic pathogen. Is a known gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Brenner1999); (Frederiksen1990); (Friederiksen2005Bergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • arginine;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent hydrolysis or digestion:
  • urea;
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • arabinose; L-arabinose; glucose; mannose; rhamnose; xylose; amygdalin; cellubiose; lactose; maltose; mucate; trehalose; adonitol; D-arabitol; glycerol; mannitol; sorbitol; 5-ketogluconate;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • sucrose; dulcitol; inositol; α-methyl glucoside;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • N-acetylglucosamine; adonitol; L-arabinose; d_arabitol; cellubiose; ethanolamine; fructose; fucose; galactose; gluconate; gentiobiose; glucose; glycerol; inositol; lactose; D-lyxose; maltose; maltotriose; mannitol; mannose; methyl-α-glucoside; rhamnose; ribose; sorbitol; trehalose; alanine; D-alanine; aspartate; glutamate; proline; serine; tyrosine; acetate; aconitate; citrate; fumarate; DL-glycerate; 3-hydroxybenzoate; 2-ketogluconate; 5-ketogluconate; DL-lactate; L-malate; malonate; mucate; propionate; saccharate; succinate; L-tartrate; methyl-β-glucoside; methyl-β-galactoside; maltitol; palatinose; glutamine; D-glucuronate; D-malate; gentisate;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • dulcitol; sucrose; D-turanose; xylitol; xylose; δ-aminovalerate; caprate;
  • Active enzymes:
  • arginine dihydrolase; catalase; β-galactosidase; ornithine decarboxylase;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent active enzymes:
  • urease;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Arens1997); (Brenner1999); (Friederiksen2005Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • indole;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • H₂S;
  • ✓
  • Methyl red test:
  • active
  • ✗
  • VP test:
  • not active
  • ✓
  • ONPG test:
  • active
  • KCN growth:
  • inhibited
  • ✓
  • NO3➔NO2:
  • reduced
  • ✗
  • Pigments:
  • not produced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Arens1997); (Friederiksen2005Bergey); (Goldstein2003a);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ertapenem; imipenem; meropenem; piperacillin; piperacillin-tazobactam;
  • ampicillin; ampicillin-sulbactam; penicillin G; ticarcillin;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefaclor; cefazolin; cefepime; cefotaxime; ceftazidime; cefuroxime;
  • cefalexin; cefoxitin; cephalothin;
  • Macrolides:
  • azithromycin; erythromycin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • minocycline; tetracycline; tigecycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • ciprofloxacin; clinafloxacin; gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; moxifloxacin; ofloxacin; trovafloxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • amikacin; gentamicin; netilmycin; tobramycin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol; fosfomycin; nitrofurantoin; trimethoprim;
  • fusidic-acid; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • polymyxin B;
  • clindamycin; lincomycin;

  • Brenner, D. J., O’Hara, C. M., Grimont, P. A., Janda, J. M., Falsen, E., Aldova, E., Ageron, E., Schindler, J., Abbott, S. L., & Steigerwalt, A. G. (1999). Biochemical identification of Citrobacter species defined by DNA hybridization and description of Citrobacter gillenii sp. nov. (formerly Citrobacter genomospecies 10) and Citrobacter murliniae sp. nov. (formerly Citrobacter genomospecies 11). Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 37(8), 2619–2624.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Proteobacteria Class:  Gammaproteobacteria Order:  Enterobacterales Family:  Enterobacteriaceae Genus:  Citrobacter Gram stain:  neg O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod Pigment:  neg
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces, clinical sources (blood, wound, urine - CCUG) and the environment
    DNA G+C(%):  51-52
    		Urea:  d Gelatin:  neg Arginine:  + DNA:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  + L-Arabinose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  + Xylose:  + Cellubiose:  + Lactose:  d(+) Maltose:  + Melibiose:  neg Sucrose:  d Trehalose:  + Amygdalin:  + Aesculin:  neg Adonitol:  + D-Arabitol:  + L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  d Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  + Inositol:  d Mannitol:  + Sorbitol:  + 5-Ketogluconate:  + Me-α-D-Glc:  d Salicin:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    L-Arabinose:  + Fructose:  + Fucose:  + Galactose:  + Glucose:  + D-Lyxose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  + Ribose:  + Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  d Cellubiose:  + Gentiobiose:  + Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Maltotriose:  + Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  neg Raffinose:  neg Sucrose:  d D-Turanose:  d(neg) Trehalose:  + N_Acetyl_glucosamine:  + Adonitol:  + D-Arabitol:  + L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  d Erythritol:  neg Aesculin:  neg Ethanolamine:  d(+) Gluconate:  + Glycerol:  + Inositol:  + Mannitol:  + Me-α-D-Glc:  + Sorbitol:  + Xylitol:  d Ala:  + D-Ala:  + 4-Aminobutyrate:  neg 5-Aminovalerate:  d Asp:  + Betaine:  neg Glu:  + Histamine:  neg His:  neg Pro:  + Ser:  + Trigonelline:  neg Tryptamine:  neg Trp:  neg Tyr:  d(+) Acetate:  d(+) Aconitate:  cis(+) trans(d(+)) Benzoate:  neg Caprate:  d Caprylate:  neg Citrate:  + Fumarate:  + Glutarate:  neg DL-Glycerate:  + 3-Hydroxybutyrate:  neg 3-Hydroxybenzoate:  + 4-Hydroxybenzoate:  neg Itaconate:  neg 2-Ketogluconate:  + 5-Ketogluconate:  + DL-Lactate:  + L-Malate:  + Malonate:  + Mucate:  + Phenylacetate:  neg Phenylpropionate:  neg Propionate:  + Quinate:  neg Saccharate:  + Succinate:  + D-Tartrate:  neg L-Tartrate:  d(+)
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  neg Catalase:  + Urease:  d Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Galactosidase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  + α-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucosidase:  vr β-Glucuronidase:  neg ArgDH:  + LysDC:  neg OrnDC:  + Phe deaminase:  neg DNAse:  neg Lipase:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		H2S:  neg Indole:  + Pigment:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    Augmentin:  R(MIC50): >16, MIC90: >32, S(8)
    ampicillin:  R(MIC50): >8, MIC90: >8, R(8)
    amp-sulb:  R(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 16, RNG: (2-128)
    aztreonam:  Var(MIC50): >0.12, MIC90: >16, RNG: (0.12->16)
    penicillin_G:  R(MIC50): >16, MIC90: >16, RNG: (16–>16)
    piperacillin:  S(16)
    piper-taz:  S(≤1/4)
    ticarcillin:  Res
    ertapenem:  S(MIC50): 0.008, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.008-4)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.25, S(4)
    meropenem:  S(MIC50): -, MIC90: 0.06
    cefaclor:  S(MIC50): -, MIC90: 8
    cefalexin:  R(-/64)
    cefazolin:  S(8)
    cefepime:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.5, S(8)
    cefotaxime:  Var(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 32, vr)
    cefoxitin:  Res
    cefpodoxime:  Var
    ceftazidime:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.06-4)
    cefuroxime:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 8, S(8)
    cephalothin:  Res
    amikacin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.25-32)
    gentamicin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, S(4)
    netilmycin:  S(MIC50): -, MIC90: 0.5
    tobramycin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, S(4)
    azithromycin:  R(MIC50): 8, MIC90: >8, RNG: (2->8)
    erythromycin:  Res
    ciprofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.008, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.004->8)
    clinafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.008, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (<0.008-0.5)
    gatifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.015, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (0.008->8)
    levofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.03-4)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.015->8)
    nalidixic-acid:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 4, RNG: (2->32)
    ofloxacin:  S(2,vr)
    trovafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.015, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (<0.008-4)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    minocycline:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.5-2)
    tetracycline:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (1-2)
    tigecycline:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.25-0.5)
    vancomycin:  Res
    chloramphenicol:  Sens
    fosfomycin:  Sens
    nitrofurantoin:  S(32)
    trimethoprim:  Sens
    SXT:  Res
    co-trimoxazole:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 38
    clindamycin:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (>32)
    lincomycin:  Res
    polymyxin_B:  Sens
    fusidic-acid:  Res

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR CITROBACTER KOSERI
  • Arens1997 - Differentiation and susceptibility of Citrobacter isolates from patients in a university hospital.
  • Brenner1999 - Biochemical identification of Citrobacter species defined by DNA hybridization and description of Citrobacter gillenii sp. nov. (formerly Citrobacter genomospecies 10) and Citrobacter murliniae sp. nov. (formerly Citrobacter genomospecies 11).
  • Frederiksen1990 - Correct Names of the Species Citrobacter koseri, Levinea malonatica, and Citrobacter diversus
  • Friederiksen2005Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 2, The Gammaproteobacteria Part B. Family Enterobacteriaceae, Genus X. Citrobacter
  • Dubinkina2017 - Links of gut microbiota composition with alcohol dependence syndrome and alcoholic liver disease
  • Goldstein2003a - In vitro activities of ABT-492, a new fluoroquinolone, against 155 aerobic and 171 anaerobic pathogens isolated from antral sinus puncture specimens from patients with sinusitis.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR CITROBACTER KOSERI
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Dubinkina2017 - Links of gut microbiota composition with alcohol dependence syndrome and alcoholic liver disease
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Walker2011 - High-throughput clone library analysis of the mucosa-associated microbiota reveals dysbiosis and differences between inflamed and non-inflamed regions of the intestine in inflammatory bowel disease.
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • ...............................
    • Added: April 08, 2021