Citrobacter murliniae

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Citrobacter murliniae is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 3 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. Citrobacter murliniae is probably a rare gut coloniser. (Brenner1999; Friederiksen2005Bergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces (high load in several ulcerative colitis patients), clinical sources (blood, urine - CCUG) and food. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread. It is an opportunistic pathogen. A possible gut commensal. Robust growth can have negative consequences for gut health.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Brenner1999); (Friederiksen2005Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent hydrolysis or digestion:
  • arginine;
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • L-arabinose; mannose; rhamnose; xylose; cellubiose; lactose; maltose; mucate; trehalose; dulcitol; glycerol; mannitol; 5-ketogluconate;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • sucrose;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • N-acetylglucosamine; L-arabinose; cellubiose; dulcitol; fructose; fucose; galactose; gluconate; gentiobiose; glucose; glycerol; lactose; D-lyxose; maltose; maltotriose; mannitol; mannose; rhamnose; ribose; sorbitol; sorbose; trehalose; xylose; alanine; D-alanine; γ-aminobutyrate; δ-aminovalerate; aspartate; glutamate; proline; serine; tyrosine; aconitate; citrate; fumarate; DL-glycerate; 3-hydroxybutyrate; 2-ketogluconate; 5-ketogluconate; DL-lactate; L-malate; mucate; propionate; saccharate; succinate; meso-tartrate; methyl-β-glucoside; methyl-α-galactoside; methyl-β-galactoside; glutamine; D-glucuronate; D-malate; tricarballylate;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • ethanolamine; melibiose; raffinose; sucrose; 3-hydroxybenzoate; 2-ketoglutarate; phenylpropionate; L-tartrate; lactulose; palatinose; putrescine; m-coumarate; gentisate;
  • Active enzymes:
  • catalase; α-galactosidase; β-galactosidase; urease;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Brenner1999); (Friederiksen2005Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • H₂S (most strains); indole;
  • ✓
  • Methyl red test:
  • active
  • ✗
  • VP test:
  • not active
  • ✓
  • ONPG test:
  • active
  • ✓
  • NO3➔NO2:
  • reduced
  • ✗
  • Pigments:
  • not produced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Friederiksen2005Bergey);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Macrolides:
  • erythromycin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • tetracycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • nalidixic-acid;
  • ofloxacin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol; fosfomycin; nitrofurantoin; trimethoprim;
  • fusidic-acid;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • polymyxin B;
  • clindamycin; lincomycin;

  • Brenner, D. J., O’Hara, C. M., Grimont, P. A., Janda, J. M., Falsen, E., Aldova, E., Ageron, E., Schindler, J., Abbott, S. L., & Steigerwalt, A. G. (1999). Biochemical identification of Citrobacter species defined by DNA hybridization and description of Citrobacter gillenii sp. nov. (formerly Citrobacter genomospecies 10) and Citrobacter murliniae sp. nov. (formerly Citrobacter genomospecies 11). Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 37(8), 2619–2624.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Proteobacteria Class:  Gammaproteobacteria Order:  Enterobacterales Family:  Enterobacteriaceae Genus:  Citrobacter Gram stain:  neg O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod Pigment:  neg
    Health:   Negative
    Source:  human faeces (high load in several ulcerative colitis patients), clinical sources (blood, urine - CCUG) and food
    		Urea:  neg Gelatin:  neg Arginine:  d DNA:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    L-Arabinose:  + Glucose:  vr Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  + Xylose:  + Cellubiose:  + Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Sucrose:  d(neg) Trehalose:  + Aesculin:  w Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  + Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  + Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  + Sorbitol:  vr 5-Ketogluconate:  + Me-α-D-Glc:  neg Salicin:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    L-Arabinose:  + Fructose:  + Fucose:  + Galactose:  + Glucose:  + D-Lyxose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  + Ribose:  + Sorbose:  + D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  + Cellubiose:  + Gentiobiose:  + Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Maltotriose:  + Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  d Raffinose:  d(neg) Sucrose:  d(neg) D-Turanose:  neg Trehalose:  + N_Acetyl_glucosamine:  + Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  + Erythritol:  neg Aesculin:  neg Ethanolamine:  d Gluconate:  + Glycerol:  + Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  + Me-α-D-Glc:  neg Sorbitol:  + Xylitol:  neg Ala:  + D-Ala:  + 4-Aminobutyrate:  d(+) 5-Aminovalerate:  + Asp:  + Betaine:  neg Glu:  + Histamine:  neg His:  neg Pro:  + Ser:  + Trigonelline:  neg Tryptamine:  neg Trp:  neg Tyr:  d(+) Acetate:  w Aconitate:  cis(+) trans(neg) Benzoate:  neg Caprate:  neg Caprylate:  neg Citrate:  + Fumarate:  + Glutarate:  neg DL-Glycerate:  + 3-Hydroxybutyrate:  + 3-Hydroxybenzoate:  d(neg) 4-Hydroxybenzoate:  neg Itaconate:  neg 2-Ketogluconate:  + 5-Ketogluconate:  + DL-Lactate:  + L-Malate:  + Malonate:  neg Mucate:  + Phenylacetate:  neg Phenylpropionate:  d(neg) Propionate:  + Quinate:  neg Saccharate:  + Succinate:  + D-Tartrate:  neg L-Tartrate:  d
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  neg Catalase:  + Urease:  + Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Galactosidase:  + β-Galactosidase:  + α-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucosidase:  vr β-Glucuronidase:  neg ArgDH:  w LysDC:  neg OrnDC:  neg Phe deaminase:  neg DNAse:  neg Lipase:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		H2S:  d(+) Indole:  + Pigment:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    erythromycin:  Res
    nalidixic-acid:  Sens
    ofloxacin:  R(2)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    tetracycline:  Sens
    vancomycin:  Res
    chloramphenicol:  Sens
    fosfomycin:  Sens
    nitrofurantoin:  Sens
    trimethoprim:  Sens
    clindamycin:  Res
    lincomycin:  Res
    polymyxin_B:  Sens
    fusidic-acid:  Res

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR CITROBACTER MURLINIAE
  • Brenner1999 - Biochemical identification of Citrobacter species defined by DNA hybridization and description of Citrobacter gillenii sp. nov. (formerly Citrobacter genomospecies 10) and Citrobacter murliniae sp. nov. (formerly Citrobacter genomospecies 11).
  • Friederiksen2005Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 2, The Gammaproteobacteria Part B. Family Enterobacteriaceae, Genus X. Citrobacter
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR CITROBACTER MURLINIAE
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • Pandey2012 - Comparative analysis of fecal microflora of healthy full-term Indian infants born with different methods of delivery (vaginal vs cesarean): Acinetobacter sp. prevalence in vaginally born infants.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR CITROBACTER MURLINIAE
  • Alkhalil2017 - Bacterial involvements in ulcerative colitis: molecular and microbiological studies
    • Added: April 08, 2021