Citrobacter werkmanii

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Citrobacter werkmanii is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 5 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. Citrobacter werkmanii is probably a rare gut coloniser. (Brenner1993; Friederiksen2005Bergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces (high load in several ulcerative colitis patients), clinical sources (blood - CCUG) and soil. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread. Could be a possible pathogen in humans, but unknown at this stage. Is a known gut commensal. Robust growth can have negative consequences for gut health.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Brenner1993); (Friederiksen2005Bergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • arginine;
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • arabinose; L-arabinose; glucose; mannose; rhamnose; xylose; mucate; trehalose; glycerol; mannitol; sorbitol;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • lactose;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • L-arabinose; cellubiose; fructose; fucose; galactose; gluconate; gentiobiose; glucose; glycerol; D-lyxose; maltose; maltotriose; mannitol; mannose; rhamnose; ribose; sorbitol; sorbose; trehalose; xylose; alanine; D-alanine; γ-aminobutyrate; δ-aminovalerate; aspartate; glutamate; proline; serine; tyrosine; acetate; aconitate; citrate; fumarate; DL-glycerate; 3-hydroxybutyrate; 3-hydroxybenzoate; 2-ketogluconate; DL-lactate; L-malate; malonate; mucate; phenylpropionate; propionate; saccharate; succinate; D-tartrate; L-tartrate; meso-tartrate; methyl-β-glucoside; methyl-β-galactoside; glutamine; putrescine; D-glucuronate; D-malate; m-coumarate; gentisate; tricarballylate;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • ethanolamine; lactose; 5-ketogluconate; 2-ketoglutarate; palatinose;
  • Active enzymes:
  • arginine dihydrolase; catalase; β-galactosidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Arens1997); (Brenner1993); (Friederiksen2005Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • H₂S;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • indole;
  • ✓
  • Methyl red test:
  • active
  • ✓
  • VP test:
  • active
  • ✓
  • ONPG test:
  • active
  • KCN growth:
  • growth observed
  • ✓
  • NO3➔NO2:
  • reduced
  • ✗
  • Pigments:
  • not produced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Arens1997); (Friederiksen2005Bergey);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • imipenem; piperacillin; piperacillin-tazobactam;
  • amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; aztreonam;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefazolin; cefepime;
  • cefotaxime; cefpodoxime; ceftazidime; cefuroxime;
  • Quinolines:
  • ofloxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • amikacin; gentamicin; tobramycin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • nitrofurantoin;

  • Brenner, D. J., Grimont, P. A., Steigerwalt, A. G., Fanning, G. R., Ageron, E., & Riddle, C. F. (1993). Classification of citrobacteria by DNA hybridization: designation of Citrobacter farmeri sp. nov., Citrobacter youngae sp. nov., Citrobacter braakii sp. nov., Citrobacter werkmanii sp. nov., Citrobacter sedlakii sp. nov., and three unnamed Citrobacter genomospecies. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 43(4), 645–658.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Proteobacteria Class:  Gammaproteobacteria Order:  Enterobacterales Family:  Enterobacteriaceae Genus:  Citrobacter Gram stain:  neg O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod Pigment:  neg
    Health:   Negative
    Source:  human faeces (high load in several ulcerative colitis patients), clinical sources (blood - CCUG) and soil
    		Urea:  neg Gelatin:  neg Arginine:  + DNA:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  + L-Arabinose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  + Xylose:  + Cellubiose:  neg Lactose:  d Melibiose:  neg Sucrose:  neg Trehalose:  + Amygdalin:  neg Aesculin:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  + Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  + Sorbitol:  + Me-α-D-Glc:  neg Salicin:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    L-Arabinose:  + Fructose:  + Fucose:  + Galactose:  + Glucose:  + D-Lyxose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  + Ribose:  + Sorbose:  d(+) D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  + Cellubiose:  + Gentiobiose:  d(+) Lactose:  d(neg) Maltose:  + Maltotriose:  + Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  neg Raffinose:  neg Sucrose:  neg D-Turanose:  neg Trehalose:  + Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Aesculin:  neg Ethanolamine:  d(neg) Gluconate:  + Glycerol:  + Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  + Me-α-D-Glc:  neg Salicin:  neg Sorbitol:  + Xylitol:  neg Ala:  + D-Ala:  + 4-Aminobutyrate:  d(+) 5-Aminovalerate:  + Asp:  + Betaine:  neg Glu:  + Histamine:  neg His:  neg Pro:  + Ser:  + Trigonelline:  neg Tryptamine:  neg Trp:  neg Tyr:  + Acetate:  + Aconitate:  cis(+) trans(d(+)) Benzoate:  neg Caprate:  neg Caprylate:  neg Citrate:  + Fumarate:  + Glutarate:  neg DL-Glycerate:  + 3-Hydroxybutyrate:  + 3-Hydroxybenzoate:  + 4-Hydroxybenzoate:  neg Itaconate:  neg 2-Ketogluconate:  + 5-Ketogluconate:  d DL-Lactate:  + L-Malate:  + Malonate:  + Mucate:  + Phenylacetate:  neg Phenylpropionate:  + Propionate:  + Quinate:  neg Saccharate:  + Succinate:  + D-Tartrate:  + L-Tartrate:  +
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  neg Catalase:  + Urease:  neg β-Galactosidase:  + ArgDH:  + LysDC:  neg OrnDC:  neg Phe deaminase:  neg DNAse:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		H2S:  + Indole:  neg Pigment:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    Augmentin:  R(8)
    ampicillin:  Var(MIC50): 8), MIC90: Var(8
    aztreonam:  R(>64)
    piperacillin:  S(16)
    piper-taz:  S(2/16)
    imipenem:  S(4)
    cefazolin:  S(8)
    cefepime:  S(8)
    cefotaxime:  R(MIC50): 64), MIC90: R(64, Var(8)
    cefpodoxime:  R(>16)
    ceftazidime:  R(>128)
    cefuroxime:  R(8)
    amikacin:  S(16)
    gentamicin:  S(4)
    tobramycin:  S(4)
    ofloxacin:  S(2)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    nitrofurantoin:  S(32)
    co-trimoxazole:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 38

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR CITROBACTER WERKMANII
  • Arens1997 - Differentiation and susceptibility of Citrobacter isolates from patients in a university hospital.
  • Brenner1993 - Classification of Citrobacteria by DNA Hybridization: Designation of Citrobacter farmeri sp. nov., Citrobacter youngae sp. nov., Citrobacter braakii sp. nov., Citrobacter werkmanii sp. nov., Citrobacter sedlakii sp. nov., and Three Unnamed Citrobacter Genomospecies.
  • Friederiksen2005Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 2, The Gammaproteobacteria Part B. Family Enterobacteriaceae, Genus X. Citrobacter
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR CITROBACTER WERKMANII
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Wang2020a - Aberrant gut microbiota alters host metabolome and impacts renal failure in humans and rodents
  • Yang2020 - Species-Level Analysis of Human Gut Microbiota With Metataxonomics.
  • Yang2020a - Establishing high-accuracy biomarkers for colorectal cancer by comparing fecal microbiomes in patients with healthy families
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR CITROBACTER WERKMANII
  • Alkhalil2017 - Bacterial involvements in ulcerative colitis: molecular and microbiological studies
    • Added: April 08, 2021