Citrobacter youngae

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Citrobacter youngae is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 5 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. Citrobacter youngae is probably a rare gut coloniser. (Brenner1993; Brenner1999; Friederiksen2005Bergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces (high load in several ulcerative colitis patients), clinical sources, food, animals and soil. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread. It is an opportunistic pathogen. Is a known gut commensal. Robust growth can have negative consequences for gut health.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Brenner1993); (Brenner1999); (Friederiksen2005Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent hydrolysis or digestion:
  • arginine; urea;
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • L-arabinose; mannose; rhamnose; sorbose; xylose; cellubiose; maltose; mucate; trehalose; dulcitol; glycerol; mannitol; sorbitol; 5-ketogluconate;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • lactose;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • N-acetylglucosamine; L-arabinose; cellubiose; dulcitol; fructose; fucose; galactose; gluconate; gentiobiose; glucose; glycerol; maltose; maltotriose; mannitol; mannose; rhamnose; ribose; sorbitol; sorbose; trehalose; xylose; alanine; D-alanine; aspartate; glutamate; proline; serine; tyrosine; acetate; aconitate; citrate; fumarate; DL-glycerate; 3-hydroxybutyrate; 2-ketogluconate; 5-ketogluconate; DL-lactate; L-malate; mucate; phenylpropionate; propionate; succinate; L-tartrate; meso-tartrate; methyl-β-glucoside; methyl-β-galactoside; glutamine; D-glucuronate; D-malate; m-coumarate;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • ethanolamine; lactose; D-lyxose; γ-aminobutyrate; δ-aminovalerate;
  • Active enzymes:
  • catalase; β-galactosidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Arens1997); (Brenner1993); (Brenner1999); (Friederiksen2005Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • H₂S;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • indole;
  • ✓
  • Methyl red test:
  • active
  • ✗
  • VP test:
  • not active
  • ✓
  • ONPG test:
  • active
  • KCN growth:
  • growth observed
  • ✓
  • NO3➔NO2:
  • reduced
  • ✗
  • Pigments:
  • not produced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Arens1997); (Friederiksen2005Bergey);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • imipenem; piperacillin; piperacillin-tazobactam;
  • amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ampicillin;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefazolin; cefepime; cefotaxime;
  • cefuroxime;
  • Macrolides:
  • erythromycin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • tetracycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • nalidixic-acid; ofloxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • amikacin; gentamicin; tobramycin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol; fosfomycin; nitrofurantoin; trimethoprim;
  • fusidic-acid;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • polymyxin B;
  • clindamycin; lincomycin;

  • Brenner, D. J., Grimont, P. A., Steigerwalt, A. G., Fanning, G. R., Ageron, E., & Riddle, C. F. (1993). Classification of citrobacteria by DNA hybridization: designation of Citrobacter farmeri sp. nov., Citrobacter youngae sp. nov., Citrobacter braakii sp. nov., Citrobacter werkmanii sp. nov., Citrobacter sedlakii sp. nov., and three unnamed Citrobacter genomospecies. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 43(4), 645–658.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Proteobacteria Class:  Gammaproteobacteria Order:  Enterobacterales Family:  Enterobacteriaceae Genus:  Citrobacter Gram stain:  neg O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod Pigment:  neg
    Health:   Negative
    Source:  human faeces (high load in several ulcerative colitis patients), clinical sources, food, animals and soil
    		Aesculin:  neg Urea:  d Gelatin:  neg Arginine:  d DNA:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    L-Arabinose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  + Sorbose:  + D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  + Cellubiose:  d(+) Lactose:  d(neg) Maltose:  + Melibiose:  neg Sucrose:  neg Trehalose:  + Amygdalin:  neg Aesculin:  neg Starch:  neg Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  + Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  + Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  + Sorbitol:  + Arbutin:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  + Me-α-D-Glc:  neg Salicin:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  + Fructose:  + Fucose:  + Galactose:  + Glucose:  + D-Lyxose:  d Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  + Ribose:  + Sorbose:  + D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  + Cellubiose:  d(+) Gentiobiose:  d(+) Lactose:  d Maltose:  + Maltotriose:  + Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  neg Raffinose:  neg Sucrose:  neg D-Turanose:  neg Trehalose:  + N_Acetyl_glucosamine:  + Adonitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  + Erythritol:  neg Aesculin:  neg Ethanolamine:  d(neg) Gluconate:  + Glycerol:  + Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  + Me-α-D-Glc:  neg Sorbitol:  + Xylitol:  neg Ala:  + D-Ala:  + 4-Aminobutyrate:  d 5-Aminovalerate:  d Asp:  + Betaine:  neg Glu:  + Histamine:  neg His:  neg Pro:  d(+) Ser:  + Trigonelline:  neg Tryptamine:  neg Trp:  neg Tyr:  d(+) Acetate:  d(+) Aconitate:  cis(+) trans(neg) Benzoate:  neg Caprate:  neg Caprylate:  neg Citrate:  + Fumarate:  + Glutarate:  neg DL-Glycerate:  + 3-Hydroxybutyrate:  + 3-Hydroxybenzoate:  neg 4-Hydroxybenzoate:  neg Itaconate:  neg 2-Ketogluconate:  + 5-Ketogluconate:  + DL-Lactate:  + L-Malate:  + Malonate:  neg Mucate:  + Phenylacetate:  neg Phenylpropionate:  + Propionate:  + Quinate:  neg Succinate:  + D-Tartrate:  neg L-Tartrate:  d(+)
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  neg Catalase:  d(+) Urease:  neg β-Galactosidase:  + α-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucosidase:  neg ArgDH:  w LysDC:  neg OrnDC:  neg Phe deaminase:  neg DNAse:  neg EstLip(C8):  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		H2S:  + Indole:  neg Pigment:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    Augmentin:  R(8)
    ampicillin:  R(8)
    piperacillin:  S(16)
    piper-taz:  S(2/16)
    imipenem:  S(4)
    cefazolin:  S(8)
    cefepime:  S(8)
    cefotaxime:  S(8)
    cefuroxime:  R(8)
    amikacin:  S(16)
    gentamicin:  S(4)
    tobramycin:  S(4)
    erythromycin:  Res
    nalidixic-acid:  Sens
    ofloxacin:  S(2)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    tetracycline:  Sens
    vancomycin:  Res
    chloramphenicol:  Sens
    fosfomycin:  Sens
    nitrofurantoin:  S(32)
    trimethoprim:  Sens
    co-trimoxazole:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 38
    clindamycin:  Res
    lincomycin:  Res
    polymyxin_B:  Sens
    fusidic-acid:  Res

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR CITROBACTER YOUNGAE
  • Arens1997 - Differentiation and susceptibility of Citrobacter isolates from patients in a university hospital.
  • Brenner1993 - Classification of Citrobacteria by DNA Hybridization: Designation of Citrobacter farmeri sp. nov., Citrobacter youngae sp. nov., Citrobacter braakii sp. nov., Citrobacter werkmanii sp. nov., Citrobacter sedlakii sp. nov., and Three Unnamed Citrobacter Genomospecies.
  • Brenner1999 - Biochemical identification of Citrobacter species defined by DNA hybridization and description of Citrobacter gillenii sp. nov. (formerly Citrobacter genomospecies 10) and Citrobacter murliniae sp. nov. (formerly Citrobacter genomospecies 11).
  • Friederiksen2005Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 2, The Gammaproteobacteria Part B. Family Enterobacteriaceae, Genus X. Citrobacter
  • Adams2011 - Gastrointestinal flora and gastrointestinal status in children with autism - comparisons to typical children and correlation with autism severity
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR CITROBACTER YOUNGAE
  • Dubinkina2017 - Links of gut microbiota composition with alcohol dependence syndrome and alcoholic liver disease
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Tyakht2013 - Human gut microbiota community structures in urban and rural populations in Russia.
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR CITROBACTER YOUNGAE
  • Alkhalil2017 - Bacterial involvements in ulcerative colitis: molecular and microbiological studies
    • Added: April 08, 2021