Clostridium acetobutylicum

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Clostridium acetobutylicum is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, strictly anaerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 5 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 28-29%. Clostridium acetobutylicum is probably a rare gut coloniser. (Johnson1997; Keis2001; McCoy1926; Rainey2011aBergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces, soil, water sources and animals. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 1, i.e., low risk of infection and spread. Pathogenicity status unknown, or very unlikely to be pathogenic. Is a known gut commensal. Robust growth can have positive consequences for gut health.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Johnson1997); (Keis2001); (McCoy1926); (Rainey2011aBergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • aesculin; gelatin;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent hydrolysis or digestion:
  • milk;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • doesn't tolerate 6.5% salt;
  • 💧
  • Bile tolerance:
  • Doesn't tolerate 20% bile
  • pH
  • Acidity tolerance:
  • tolerates pH 4.7; tolerates pH 8; Grows optimally at pH 6.0-7.0.
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • grows at 25℃; grows at 45℃; Grows optimally at 37℃.
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • arabinose; fructose; galactose; glucose; mannose; xylose; dextrin; glycogen; pectin; starch; lactose; maltose; melezitose; raffinose; sucrose; mannitol; α-methyl glucoside; salicin;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • amygdalin; arabinose; L-arabinose; cellubiose; dextrin; fructose; galactose; glucose; glycogen; lactose; maltose; mannitol; mannose; methyl-α-glucoside; pectin; raffinose; salicin; starch; sucrose; xylose;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • inulin; melezitose; melibiose; sorbitol; trehalose;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (McCoy1926); (Rainey2011aBergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • acetate; butyrate; ethanol; butanolMajor; CO₂; H₂;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • H₂S; indole;
  • ✓
  • VP test:
  • active
  • ✗
  • Haemolysis:
  • absent
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
  • ✓
  • Nitrite:
  • reduced
  • Pigments:
  • yellow

  • Taylor, G. R., Kropp, K. D., & Molina, T. C. (1985). Nine-year microflora study of an isolator-maintained immunodeficient child. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 50(6), 1349–1356.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Clostridia Order:  Eubacteriales Family:  Clostridiaceae Genus:  Clostridium Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  strictly anaerobic Spore:  Endospore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod Pigment:  yellow
    Health:   Positive
    Source:  human faeces, soil, water sources and animals
    DNA G+C(%):  28-29
    Opt. T:  37℃
    Lower T(℃):  25(+)
    High T(℃):  45(+)
    NaCl >6%:  6.5(neg)
    Opt. pH:  6.0-7.0
    pH 4.2-5.9:  4.7(+)
    pH 6.0-8.0:  8(+)
    Bile reaction(%):  20(neg)
    		Aesculin:  + Gelatin:  + Milk:  curdle
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  + Fructose:  + Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  w Xylose:  + Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Melezitose:  + Melibiose:  neg Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  vr Turanose:  w Amygdalin:  vr Cellulose:  neg Dextrin:  + Aesculin:  vr Glycogen:  + Starch:  + Pectin:  + Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  neg Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  + Sorbitol:  neg Me-α-D-Glc:  + Salicin:  +
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Arabinose:  + L-Arabinose:  + Fructose:  + Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  neg Xylose:  + Cellubiose:  + Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Melezitose:  d(neg) Melibiose:  d(neg) Raffinose:  + Sucrose:  + D-Turanose:  w Trehalose:  d(neg) Amygdalin:  + D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Dextrin:  + Dulcitol:  neg Glycerol:  w Glycogen:  + Inositol:  neg Inulin:  d Mannitol:  + Me-α-D-Glc:  + Pectin:  + Salicin:  + Sorbitol:  d Starch:  +
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Catalase:  neg Urease:  neg Lecithinase:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Acetate:  + Butyrate:  + Ethanol:  + Butanol:  Major H2S:  neg CO2:  + H2:  + Indole:  neg Pigment:  yellow

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR CLOSTRIDIUM ACETOBUTYLICUM
  • Johnson1997 - Cultures of Clostridium acetobutylicum from Various Collections Comprise Clostridium acetobutylicum, Clostridium beijerinckii, and Two Other Distinct Types Based on DNA-DNA Reassociation.
  • Keis2001 - Emended descriptions of Clostridium acetobutylicum and Clostridium beijerinckii, and descriptions of Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum sp. nov. and Clostridium saccharobutylicum sp. nov.
  • McCoy1926 - A Cultural Study of the Acetone Butyl Alcohol Organism: One Plate.
  • Rainey2011aBergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Clostridiaceae, Genus I. Clostridium - Cluster I
  • Scanlan2012 - Gut dysbiosis in cystic fibrosis
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR CLOSTRIDIUM ACETOBUTYLICUM
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • Qin2012 - Metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Taylor1985 - Nine-year microflora study of an isolator-maintained immunodeficient child.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR CLOSTRIDIUM ACETOBUTYLICUM
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
    • Added: April 08, 2021