Clostridium baratii

(aka Clostridium paraperfringens)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Clostridium baratii, (aka Clostridium paraperfringens), is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, strictly anaerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 10 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 28%. Clostridium baratii is probably a common, although minor, coloniser of the gut. (Browne2016; Rainey2011aBergey; Nakamura1973)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces, human gut, and wounds. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread (notes: zoonotic pathogen). It is an opportunistic pathogen. Is a known gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Rainey2011aBergey); (Nakamura1973);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • aesculin;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent hydrolysis or digestion:
  • milk; starch;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • doesn't tolerate 6.5% salt;
  • 💧
  • Bile tolerance:
  • Doesn't tolerate 20% bile
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • grows weakly at 25℃; grows at 31℃; grows at 45℃; Grows optimally at 30-37℃.
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • fructose; galactose; glucose; mannose; starch; cellubiose; lactose; maltose; sucrose; salicin;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • cellubiose; fructose; galactose; lactose; maltose; mannose; salicin; sucrose;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • glycogen; starch;
  • Active enzymes:
  • acid phosphatase; β-galactosidase; lecithinase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Rainey2011aBergey); (Nakamura1973);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • formate (minor); acetate; propionate (minor); butyrate; lactate; succinate (minor); H₂;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • butanol; indole;
  • ±
  • VP test:
  • strain dependent
  • ±
  • Haemolysis:
  • beta(d(present))
  • Nitrate:
  • reduction is variable
  • ✗
  • Pigments:
  • not produced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Goldstein2003); (Rainey2011aBergey); (Goldstein2014); (Citron2003);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ampicillin; imipenem; penicillin G;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefoxitin;
  • Macrolides:
  • fidaxomicin; quinupristin-dalfopristin;
  • Quinolines:
  • moxifloxacin; trovafloxacin;
  • Polypep/ketides:
  • bacitracin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • metronidazole;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin; teicoplanin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • linezolid;

  • Finegold, S. M., Howard, R. A., & Vera, L. S. (1974). Effect of diet on human intestinal fecal flora: comparison of Japanese and American diets. Am. J. Clin. Nutr, 27, 1456–1469.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Clostridia Order:  Eubacteriales Family:  Clostridiaceae Genus:  Clostridium Alt. name:  Clostridium paraperfringens Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  strictly anaerobic Spore:  Endospore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Rod Pigment:  neg
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces, human gut, and wounds
    DNA G+C(%):  28
    Opt. T:  30-37℃
    Lower T(℃):  25(w)
    Mid T(℃):  31(+)
    High T(℃):  45(+)
    NaCl >6%:  6.5(neg)
    Bile reaction(%):  20(neg)
    		Aesculin:  + Gelatin:  neg Starch:  d Casein:  neg Milk:  acid Meat:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  vr Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  + Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  vr Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  vr Aesculin:  neg Inulin:  neg Starch:  + Adonitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Glycerol:  neg Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Salicin:  +
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Galactose:  w(+) Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  neg Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  + Lactose:  w(+) Maltose:  w(+) Melezitose:  neg Raffinose:  neg Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  neg Amygdalin:  neg Glycogen:  d Inulin:  neg Mannitol:  neg Salicin:  w(+) Sorbitol:  neg Starch:  d
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Catalase:  neg Urease:  neg β-Galactosidase:  + AcidP:  + Lecithinase:  + Lipase:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Formate:  minor(+) Acetate:  + Propionate:  minor(+) Butyrate:  + Lactate:  + Butanol:  neg Succinate:  minor(+) H2:  + Indole:  neg Pigment:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    Augmentin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.125-2)
    ampicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.03->128)
    penicillin_G:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.03->32)
    piper-taz:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.125-16)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.06-4)
    cefoxitin:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.25–8)
    fidaxomicin:  S(0.03)
    quin-dalf:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.125-8)
    linezolid:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.25–4)
    ciprofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.5-8)
    levofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.5-4)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.25-2)
    trovafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.25-1)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    teicoplanin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.06–8)
    vancomycin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.06-8)
    bacitracin:  R(MIC50): 16, MIC90: 128, RNG: (0.5–>128)
    metronidazole:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.25-2)
    clindamycin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.06->32)
    daptomycin:  Var(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.03-2)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR CLOSTRIDIUM BARATII
  • Goldstein2003 - In Vitro Activities of Daptomycin, Vancomycin, Quinupristin- Dalfopristin, Linezolid, and Five Other Antimicrobials against 307 Gram-Positive Anaerobic and 31 Corynebacterium Clinical Isolates.
  • Browne2016 - Culturing of 'unculturable' human microbiota reveals novel taxa and extensive sporulation.
  • Rainey2011aBergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Clostridiaceae, Genus I. Clostridium - Cluster I
  • Goldstein2014 - Comparative in vitro activities of SMT19969, a new antimicrobial agent, against 162 strains from 35 less frequently recovered intestinal Clostridium species: implications for Clostridium difficile recurrence.
  • Citron2003 - In vitro activities of ramoplanin, teicoplanin, vancomycin, linezolid, bacitracin, and four other antimicrobials against intestinal anaerobic bacteria.
  • Nakamura1973 - Numerical Taxonomy of Saccharolytic Clostridia, Particularly Clostridium perfringens-Like Strains: Descriptions of Clostridium absonum sp. n. and Clostridium paraperfringens.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR CLOSTRIDIUM BARATII
  • Benno1984 - The intestinal microflora of infants: composition of fecal flora in breast-fed and bottle-fed infants.
  • Browne2016 - Culturing of 'unculturable' human microbiota reveals novel taxa and extensive sporulation.
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Finegold1974 - Effect of diet on human fecal flora: comparison of Japanese and American diets
  • Finegold1977 - Fecal microbial flora in Seventh Day Adventist populations and control subjects.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • Pfleiderer2013 - Culturomics identified 11 new bacterial species from a single anorexia nervosa stool sample.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Woodmansey2004 - Comparison of compositions and metabolic activities of fecal microbiotas in young adults and in antibiotic-treated and non-antibiotic-treated elderly subjects.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR CLOSTRIDIUM BARATII
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
    • Added: April 08, 2021