Clostridium beijerinckii

(aka Clostridium rubrum)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Clostridium beijerinckii, (aka Clostridium rubrum), is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, strictly anaerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 9 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 26-28%. Clostridium beijerinckii is probably a common, although minor, coloniser of the gut. (Keis2001; Rainey2011aBergey; Ng1963)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces, and soil. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 1, i.e., low risk of infection and spread. It is an opportunistic pathogen. Is a known gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Keis2001); (Rainey2011aBergey); (Ng1963);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • aesculin; starch;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent hydrolysis or digestion:
  • gelatin;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • doesn't tolerate 6.5% salt;
  • 💧
  • Bile tolerance:
  • Doesn't tolerate 20% bile
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • grows at 30℃; grows at 35℃; grows weakly at 45℃; Grows optimally at 37℃.
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • L-arabinose; fructose; glucose; mannose; pectin; lactose; maltose; sucrose; mannitol;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • amygdalin; arabinose; d_arabitol; L-arabitol; cellubiose; dextrin; dulcitol; fructose; galactose; glucose; glycogen; inositol; inulin; lactose; maltose; mannitol; mannose; melezitose; melibiose; methyl-α-glucoside; pectin; raffinose; salicin; sorbitol; starch; sucrose; trehalose; D-turanose; xylose;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • rhamnose; ribose;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Rainey2011aBergey); (Ng1963);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • formate (minor); acetate; propionate (trace); butyrate; lactate (minor); isobutyrate (minor); ethanolminor; succinate (minor); isovalerate (minor); H₂;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • H₂S; indole;
  • ±
  • Haemolysis:
  • strain dependent
  • ±
  • Nitrate:
  • strain dependent
  • ✗
  • NO3➔NO2:
  • not reduced
  • ✗
  • Pigments:
  • not produced

  • Finegold, S. M., Sutter, V. L., Sugihara, P. T., Elder, H. A., Lehmann, S. M., & Phillips, R. L. (1977). Fecal microbial flora in Seventh Day Adventist populations and control subjects. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 30(11), 1781–1792.

    International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (2001), 51, 2095–2103

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Clostridia Order:  Eubacteriales Family:  Clostridiaceae Genus:  Clostridium Alt. name:  Clostridium rubrum Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  strictly anaerobic Spore:  Endospore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod Pigment:  neg
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces, and soil
    DNA G+C(%):  26-28
    Opt. T:  37℃
    Lower T(℃):  30(+)
    Mid T(℃):  35(+)
    High T(℃):  45(w)
    NaCl >6%:  6.5(neg)
    Bile reaction(%):  20(neg)
    		Aesculin:  + Gelatin:  d(neg) Starch:  +
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    L-Arabinose:  + Fructose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Ribose:  neg Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Sucrose:  + Pectin:  + Mannitol:  +
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Arabinose:  + Fructose:  + Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  d(w) Ribose:  d Xylose:  + Cellubiose:  + Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Melezitose:  + Melibiose:  d(+) Raffinose:  + Sucrose:  + D-Turanose:  + Trehalose:  + Amygdalin:  + D-Arabitol:  d(+) L-Arabitol:  d(+) Dextrin:  + Dulcitol:  d(+) Glycerol:  w Glycogen:  d(+) Inositol:  + Inulin:  + Mannitol:  + Me-α-D-Glc:  + Pectin:  + Salicin:  + Sorbitol:  + Starch:  +
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Catalase:  neg Urease:  neg Lecithinase:  neg Lipase:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Formate:  minor(+) Acetate:  + Propionate:  trace(+) Butyrate:  + Lactate:  minor(+) Isobutyrate:  minor(+) Ethanol:  minor Succinate:  minor(+) Isovalerate:  minor(+) H2S:  neg H2:  + Indole:  neg Pigment:  neg

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR CLOSTRIDIUM BEIJERINCKII
  • Keis2001 - Emended descriptions of Clostridium acetobutylicum and Clostridium beijerinckii, and descriptions of Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum sp. nov. and Clostridium saccharobutylicum sp. nov.
  • Rainey2011aBergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Clostridiaceae, Genus I. Clostridium - Cluster I
  • Karlsson2013 - Gut metagenome in European women with normal, impaired and diabetic glucose control
  • Ng1963 - Clostridium Rubrum sp. n. and Other Pectinolytic Clostridia from Soil.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR CLOSTRIDIUM BEIJERINCKII
  • Benno1984 - The intestinal microflora of infants: composition of fecal flora in breast-fed and bottle-fed infants.
  • Benno1986 - Comparison of the fecal microflora in rural Japanese and urban Canadians.
  • Benno1989 - Comparison of fecal microflora of elderly persons in rural and urban areas of Japan.
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Finegold1977 - Fecal microbial flora in Seventh Day Adventist populations and control subjects.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR CLOSTRIDIUM BEIJERINCKII
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
    • Added: April 08, 2021