Clostridium butyricum

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Clostridium butyricum is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, anaerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 23 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 27-28%. Clostridium butyricum is often a widespread coloniser of gut. (Hall1922; Rainey2011aBergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces, soil, clinical sources (blood, tissue - CCUG) and water sources. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread (notes: zoonotic pathogen). It is an opportunistic pathogen. Is a known gut commensal. Robust growth can have positive consequences for gut health.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Hall1922); (Rainey2011aBergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • aesculin; pectin;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • doesn't tolerate 6.5% salt;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • grows weakly at 10℃; grows at 25℃; Grows optimally at 30-37℃.
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • cellubiose; fructose; galactose; glycogen; lactose; maltose; mannose; ribose; raffinose; salicin; starch; sucrose; trehalose; xylose; pyruvate;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • amygdalin; arabinose; inulin; mannitol; melezitose;
  • Active enzymes:
  • N-Ac β-glucosaminidase; DNase; pyrrolidine arylamidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Rainey2011aBergey); (Petitdemange1995);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • formate; acetate; propionate (minor); butyrate; lactate (minor); ethanolminor; butanolminor; succinate (minor); H₂; indole;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • H₂S;
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Goldstein2003); (Rainey2011aBergey); (Goldstein2018a); (Goldstein2014); (Goldstein2013b); (Goldstein2006); (Goldstein2006c); (Citron2003); (Goldstein2000a); (Goldstein1991);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • ampicillin; imipenem; meropenem; penicillin; penicillin G; piperacillin;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • ceftazidime;
  • Macrolides:
  • fidaxomicin; quinupristin-dalfopristin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • doxycycline; tigecycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • clinafloxacin; moxifloxacin; ofloxacin;
  • Polypep/ketides:
  • bacitracin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol; metronidazole;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin; dalbavancin; teicoplanin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • clindamycin; daptomycin; linezolid;

  • Finegold, S. M., Howard, R. A., & Vera, L. S. (1974). Effect of diet on human intestinal fecal flora: comparison of Japanese and American diets. Am. J. Clin. Nutr, 27, 1456–1469.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Clostridia Order:  Eubacteriales Family:  Clostridiaceae Genus:  Clostridium Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  anaerobic Spore:  Endospore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod
    Health:   Positive
    Source:  human faeces, soil, clinical sources (blood, tissue - CCUG) and water sources
    DNA G+C(%):  27-28
    Opt. T:  30-37℃
    Low T(℃):  10(w)
    Lower T(℃):  25(+)
    NaCl >6%:  6.5(neg)
    		Aesculin:  + Urea:  neg Starch:  neg Milk:  neg Meat:  neg Pectin:  +
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Glucose:  neg Mannose:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Arabinose:  d Fructose:  + Galactose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  + Xylose:  + Cellubiose:  + Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Melezitose:  d Raffinose:  + Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + Amygdalin:  d Glycogen:  + Inulin:  d Mannitol:  d Salicin:  + Sorbitol:  neg Starch:  + Thr:  neg Lactate:  neg Pyruvate:  +
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Catalase:  neg Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  + α-Fucosidase:  vr α-Galactosidase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  vr α-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  neg ArgDH:  vr γ-Glu transf.:  neg GluDC:  neg AlanineAA:  neg GluGluAA:  neg GlyAA:  neg LeuAA:  neg LeuGlyAA:  neg PyrrolidAA:  + AlkalineP:  neg DNAse:  + Lecithinase:  neg Lipase:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Formate:  + Acetate:  + Propionate:  minor(+) Butyrate:  + Lactate:  minor(+) Ethanol:  minor Butanol:  minor Succinate:  minor(+) H2S:  neg H2:  + Indole:  +
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    ampicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.03->128)
    amp-sulb:  Var(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.03-16)
    penicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.03->32)
    penicillin_G:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.25–>32)
    piperacillin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.03-2)
    piper-taz:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.03-8)
    ticarcillin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.25-128)
    tica-clav:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 128, RNG: (0.03-128)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.03-1)
    meropenem:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.03-1)
    cefmetazole:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.06-32)
    cefoperazone:  Var(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.06-8)
    cefoxitin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.06-16)
    ceftazidime:  S(MIC50): 8, MIC90: >128, RNG: (0.5–>128)
    fidaxomicin:  S(0.06)
    quin-dalf:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.125-8)
    linezolid:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.5-4)
    clinafloxacin:  S(0.06/0.25)
    levofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.25–>16)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.12-2)
    ofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.5-256)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.03–8)
    tigecycline:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.06–0.5)
    dalbavancin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.015-1)
    teicoplanin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.06–8)
    vancomycin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.25->32)
    bacitracin:  R(MIC50): 16, MIC90: 128, RNG: (0.5–>128)
    chloramphenicol:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.5-4)
    metronidazole:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.02-2)
    clindamycin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.02-8)
    daptomycin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.03-2)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR CLOSTRIDIUM BUTYRICUM
  • Goldstein2003 - In Vitro Activities of Daptomycin, Vancomycin, Quinupristin- Dalfopristin, Linezolid, and Five Other Antimicrobials against 307 Gram-Positive Anaerobic and 31 Corynebacterium Clinical Isolates.
  • Hall1922 - Differentiation and identification of the sporulating anaerobes.
  • Rainey2011aBergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Clostridiaceae, Genus I. Clostridium - Cluster I
  • Petitdemange1995 - Fermentation of raw glycerol to 1,3-propanediol by new strains of Clostridium butyricum
  • Cassir2015 - Clostridium butyricum Strains and Dysbiosis Linked to Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Neonates
  • Doumatey2020 - Gut Microbiome Profiles Are Associated With Type 2 Diabetes in Urban Africans
  • Finegold2002 - Gastrointestinal microflora studies in late-onset autism
  • Wang2019d - Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis Is Associated with Altered Bile Acid Metabolism in Infantile Cholestasis
  • Goldstein2018a - Comparative In Vitro Activities of Relebactam, Imipenem, the Combination of the Two, and Six Comparator Antimicrobial Agents against 432 Strains of Anaerobic Organisms, Including Imipenem-Resistant Strains.
  • Goldstein2014 - Comparative in vitro activities of SMT19969, a new antimicrobial agent, against 162 strains from 35 less frequently recovered intestinal Clostridium species: implications for Clostridium difficile recurrence.
  • Goldstein2013b - Comparative in vitro activities of GSK2251052, a novel boron-containing leucyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor, against 916 anaerobic organisms.
  • Goldstein2006 - In vitro activity of moxifloxacin against 923 anaerobes isolated from human intra-abdominal infections.
  • Goldstein2006c - Comparative in vitro susceptibilities of 396 unusual anaerobic strains to tigecycline and eight other antimicrobial agents.
  • Citron2003 - In vitro activities of ramoplanin, teicoplanin, vancomycin, linezolid, bacitracin, and four other antimicrobials against intestinal anaerobic bacteria.
  • Goldstein2000a - Comparative In vitro activities of ertapenem (MK-0826) against 1,001 anaerobes isolated from human intra-abdominal infections.
  • Goldstein1991 - Goldstein EJ, Citron DM. Susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria isolated from intra-abdominal infections to ofloxacin and interaction of ofloxacin with metronidazole.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR CLOSTRIDIUM BUTYRICUM
  • Almeida2019 - A new genomic blueprint of the human gut microbiota.
  • Aujoulat2014 - Temporal dynamics of the very premature infant gut dominant microbiota.
  • Benno1984 - The intestinal microflora of infants: composition of fecal flora in breast-fed and bottle-fed infants.
  • Benno1986 - Comparison of the fecal microflora in rural Japanese and urban Canadians.
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Cassir2015 - Clostridium butyricum Strains and Dysbiosis Linked to Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Neonates
  • Dubinkina2017 - Links of gut microbiota composition with alcohol dependence syndrome and alcoholic liver disease
  • Finegold1977 - Fecal microbial flora in Seventh Day Adventist populations and control subjects.
  • Hu2019 - The Gut Microbiome Signatures Discriminate Healthy From Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients
  • Jeong2021 - The effect of taxonomic classification by full-length 16S rRNA sequencing with a synthetic long-read technology
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • McLaughlin2010 - The bacteriology of pouchitis: a molecular phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene cloning and sequencing.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • PerezBrocal2015 - Metagenomic Analysis of Crohn's Disease Patients Identifies Changes in the Virome and Microbiome Related to Disease Status and Therapy, and Detects Potential Interactions and Biomarkers
  • Pfleiderer2013 - Culturomics identified 11 new bacterial species from a single anorexia nervosa stool sample.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Walker2011 - High-throughput clone library analysis of the mucosa-associated microbiota reveals dysbiosis and differences between inflamed and non-inflamed regions of the intestine in inflammatory bowel disease.
  • Woodmansey2004 - Comparison of compositions and metabolic activities of fecal microbiotas in young adults and in antibiotic-treated and non-antibiotic-treated elderly subjects.
  • Yang2020 - Species-Level Analysis of Human Gut Microbiota With Metataxonomics.
  • Yang2020a - Establishing high-accuracy biomarkers for colorectal cancer by comparing fecal microbiomes in patients with healthy families
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • Zou2019 - 1,520 reference genomes from cultivated human gut bacteria enable functional microbiome analyses.
  • Zupancic2012 - Analysis of the Gut Microbiota in the Old Order Amish and Its Relation to the Metabolic Syndrome.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR CLOSTRIDIUM BUTYRICUM
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
    • Added: April 08, 2021