Clostridium cochlearium

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Clostridium cochlearium is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, strictly anaerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 10 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 27-28%. Clostridium cochlearium is probably a common, although minor, coloniser of the gut. (Rainey2011aBergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces and clinical sources (wounds). The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 1, i.e., low risk of infection and spread (notes: opportunistic in immunocompromised patients). It is an opportunistic pathogen. Is a known gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Rainey2011aBergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • aesculin;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent hydrolysis or digestion:
  • hippurate;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • doesn't tolerate 6.5% salt;
  • 💧
  • Bile tolerance:
  • Doesn't tolerate 20% bile
  • pH
  • Acidity tolerance:
  • doesn't tolerate pH 8.5;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • doesn't grow at 25℃; grows at 31℃; grows at 45℃; Grows optimally at 37℃.
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • aspartate; glutamate; histidine; phenylalanine; serine; threonine; pyruvate; glutamine;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Rainey2011aBergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • formate (minor); acetate; propionate; butyrate; lactate (minor); butanolminor; succinate (minor); H₂S; H₂;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • indole;
  • Haemolysis:
  • variable
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Goldstein2003); (Rainey2011aBergey); (Citron2012); (Goldstein2006); (Citron2003); (Goldstein2000a);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • ampicillin; ampicillin-sulbactam; imipenem; penicillin G; piperacillin-tazobactam;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefoxitin;
  • Macrolides:
  • quinupristin-dalfopristin;
  • Polypep/ketides:
  • bacitracin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol; metronidazole;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin; dalbavancin; teicoplanin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • clindamycin; daptomycin; linezolid;

  • Finegold, S. M., Howard, R. A., & Vera, L. S. (1974). Effect of diet on human intestinal fecal flora: comparison of Japanese and American diets. Am. J. Clin. Nutr, 27, 1456–1469.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Clostridia Order:  Eubacteriales Family:  Clostridiaceae Genus:  Clostridium Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  strictly anaerobic Spore:  Endospore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces and clinical sources (wounds)
    DNA G+C(%):  27-28
    Opt. T:  37℃
    Lower T(℃):  25(neg)
    Mid T(℃):  31(+)
    High T(℃):  45(+)
    NaCl >6%:  6.5(neg)
    pH >8:  8.5(neg)
    Bile reaction(%):  20(neg)
    		Aesculin:  + Gelatin:  w Starch:  neg Hippurate:  d Milk:  neg Meat:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Fructose:  neg Ribose:  neg Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Lactose:  neg Maltose:  neg Sucrose:  neg Trehalose:  neg Amygdalin:  neg Glycogen:  neg Starch:  neg Asp:  + Glu:  + His:  + Phe:  + Ser:  + Thr:  + Lactate:  neg Pyruvate:  +
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Lecithinase:  neg Lipase:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Formate:  minor(+) Acetate:  + Propionate:  + Butyrate:  + Lactate:  minor(+) Butanol:  minor Succinate:  minor(+) H2S:  + H2:  + Indole:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    ampicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.03->128)
    amp-sulb:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.06–4)
    penicillin_G:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.03->32)
    piper-taz:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.02-2)
    tica-clav:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.06–64)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.03-1)
    cefoxitin:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.25–8)
    quin-dalf:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.125-8)
    linezolid:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.5-4)
    levofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.25–>16)
    moxifloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.25–8)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    dalbavancin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.015-1)
    teicoplanin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.06–8)
    vancomycin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.25->32)
    bacitracin:  R(MIC50): 16, MIC90: 128, RNG: (0.5–>128)
    chloramphenicol:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.125–>32)
    metronidazole:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.02-2)
    clindamycin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.02-8)
    daptomycin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.06-16)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR CLOSTRIDIUM COCHLEARIUM
  • Goldstein2003 - In Vitro Activities of Daptomycin, Vancomycin, Quinupristin- Dalfopristin, Linezolid, and Five Other Antimicrobials against 307 Gram-Positive Anaerobic and 31 Corynebacterium Clinical Isolates.
  • Rainey2011aBergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Clostridiaceae, Genus I. Clostridium - Cluster I
  • Citron2012 - In vitro activities of CB-183,315, vancomycin, and metronidazole against 556 strains of Clostridium difficile, 445 other intestinal anaerobes, and 56 Enterobacteriaceae species.
  • Goldstein2006 - In vitro activity of moxifloxacin against 923 anaerobes isolated from human intra-abdominal infections.
  • Citron2003 - In vitro activities of ramoplanin, teicoplanin, vancomycin, linezolid, bacitracin, and four other antimicrobials against intestinal anaerobic bacteria.
  • Goldstein2000a - Comparative In vitro activities of ertapenem (MK-0826) against 1,001 anaerobes isolated from human intra-abdominal infections.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR CLOSTRIDIUM COCHLEARIUM
  • Benno1984 - The intestinal microflora of infants: composition of fecal flora in breast-fed and bottle-fed infants.
  • Benno1986 - Comparison of the fecal microflora in rural Japanese and urban Canadians.
  • Benno1989 - Comparison of fecal microflora of elderly persons in rural and urban areas of Japan.
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Finegold1974 - Effect of diet on human fecal flora: comparison of Japanese and American diets
  • Finegold1977 - Fecal microbial flora in Seventh Day Adventist populations and control subjects.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Taylor1985 - Nine-year microflora study of an isolator-maintained immunodeficient child.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR CLOSTRIDIUM COCHLEARIUM
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
    • Added: April 08, 2021