Clostridium innocuum

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Clostridium innocuum is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, strictly anaerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 26 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 43-44%. Clostridium innocuum is often a widespread coloniser of gut. (Browne2016; Smith1962)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces and clinical sources (blood, appendix - CCUG). The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread. It is an opportunistic pathogen. Is a known gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Smith1962);
    Character Response
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • doesn't tolerate 6.5% salt;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • grows at 25℃; grows at 45℃; Grows optimally at 37℃.
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • glucose; sucrose; mannitol; salicin;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • cellubiose; fructose; galactose; inulin; mannitol; mannose; salicin; sucrose; trehalose;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • ribose;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • acetate; butyrate; lactate (minor); succinate (minor); Hâ‚‚;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • indole;
  • ✗
  • Haemolysis:
  • absent
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Goldstein2018a); (Goldstein2014); (Goldstein2013b); (Tyrrell2012); (Citron2012a); (Goldstein2008); (Goldstein2006a); (Goldstein2006b); (Goldstein2006c); (Goldstein2005); (Citron2003); (Citron2001); (Goldstein2000a); (Goldstein1999); (Schaumann1999); (Goldstein1999b); (Goldstein1991);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ampicillin; ampicillin-sulbactam; doripenem; ertapenem; imipenem; meropenem; penicillin; penicillin G; piperacillin-tazobactam;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefotetan;
  • cefotaxime; cefoxitin; ceftazidime;
  • Macrolides:
  • fidaxomicin; pristinamycin; quinupristin-dalfopristin;
  • azithromycin; clarithromycin; erythromycin; roxithromycin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • tigecycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • garenoxacin; gatifloxacin; gemifloxacin; moxifloxacin; trovafloxacin;
  • Polypep/ketides:
  • bacitracin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol; metronidazole;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin; dalbavancin; teicoplanin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • linezolid; pristinamycin;

  • Finegold, S. M., Howard, R. A., & Vera, L. S. (1974). Effect of diet on human intestinal fecal flora: comparison of Japanese and American diets. Am. J. Clin. Nutr, 27, 1456–1469.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Clostridia Order:  Eubacteriales Family:  Clostridiaceae Genus:  Clostridium Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  strictly anaerobic Spore:  Endospore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Rod
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces and clinical sources (blood, appendix - CCUG)
    DNA G+C(%):  43-44
    Opt. T:  37℃
    Lower T(℃):  25(+)
    High T(℃):  45(+)
    NaCl >6%:  6.5(neg)
    		Aesculin:  neg Gelatin:  neg Starch:  neg Casein:  neg Milk:  neg Meat:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Glucose:  + Lactose:  neg Maltose:  vr Sucrose:  + Mannitol:  + Sorbitol:  neg Salicin:  +
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Galactose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  d Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  + Lactose:  neg Maltose:  neg Melezitose:  neg Raffinose:  neg Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + Amygdalin:  neg Cellulose:  neg Glycogen:  neg Inulin:  + Mannitol:  + Salicin:  + Sorbitol:  neg Starch:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Lecithinase:  neg Lipase:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Acetate:  + Butyrate:  + Lactate:  minor(+) Succinate:  minor(+) H2:  + Indole:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    Augmentin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.125-2)
    ampicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.125-0.25)
    amp-sulb:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.25-0.25)
    penicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.03–4)
    penicillin_G:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.25->32)
    piper-taz:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.5–4)
    tica-clav:  Var(MIC50): 16, MIC90: 16, RNG: (4–16)
    doripenem:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.06–8)
    ertapenem:  S(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.06–8)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (1-4)
    meropenem:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (1–2)
    cefepime:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 64, RNG: (0.03–128)
    cefoperazone:  RNG: (8)
    cefotaxime:  R(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 16, RNG: (4-16)
    cefotetan:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.06–>32)
    cefoxitin:  R(MIC50): 64, MIC90: 128, RNG: (32–128)
    ceftazidime:  R(MIC50): 128, MIC90: 128, RNG: (64–>128)
    azithromycin:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.125->32)
    erythromycin:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.5->32)
    fidaxomicin:  S(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (>32)
    clarithromycin:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.25->32)
    pristinamycin:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.12–2)
    quin-dalf:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.25-2)
    roxithromycin:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.5–>32)
    telithromycin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.03->32)
    linezolid:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 2, RNG: (2-4)
    ciprofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.5-8)
    garenoxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.25-2)
    gatifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.06-1)
    gemifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.125–1)
    levofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.12-16)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.25-2)
    ofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.25->32)
    sparfloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 16, RNG: (4–>16)
    trovafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.25->8)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.25–>16)
    tigecycline:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.06–0.125)
    dalbavancin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.125-0.5)
    teicoplanin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.125–1)
    vancomycin:  S(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 16, RNG: (1–16)
    bacitracin:  R(MIC50): >128, MIC90: >128, RNG: (128–>128)
    chloramphenicol:  S(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 16, RNG: (8–16)
    metronidazole:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.12-1)
    clindamycin:  Var(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.25->32)
    daptomycin:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 8, RNG: (2-8)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR CLOSTRIDIUM INNOCUUM
  • Browne2016 - Culturing of 'unculturable' human microbiota reveals novel taxa and extensive sporulation.
  • Smith1962 - Clostridium innocuum, sp. n., a sporeforming anaerobe isolated from human infections.
  • Ridlon2006 - Bile salt biotransformations by human intestinal bacteria
  • Chen2019a - Association between fecal microbiota and generalized anxiety disorder: Severity and early treatment response
  • Finegold2002 - Gastrointestinal microflora studies in late-onset autism
  • Giongo2011 - Toward defining the autoimmune microbiome for type 1 diabetes
  • Lun2018 - Altered gut microbiota and microbial biomarkers associated with chronic kidney disease
  • Ventura2019 - Gut microbiome of treatment-naïve MS patients of different ethnicities early in disease course
  • Zhang2020 - Analysis of gut mycobiota in first-episode, drug-naïve Chinese patients with schizophrenia: A pilot study
  • Goldstein2018a - Comparative In Vitro Activities of Relebactam, Imipenem, the Combination of the Two, and Six Comparator Antimicrobial Agents against 432 Strains of Anaerobic Organisms, Including Imipenem-Resistant Strains.
  • Goldstein2014 - Comparative in vitro activities of SMT19969, a new antimicrobial agent, against 162 strains from 35 less frequently recovered intestinal Clostridium species: implications for Clostridium difficile recurrence.
  • Goldstein2013b - Comparative in vitro activities of GSK2251052, a novel boron-containing leucyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor, against 916 anaerobic organisms.
  • Tyrrell2012 - In vitro activity of TD-1792, a multivalent glycopeptide-cephalosporin antibiotic, against 377 strains of anaerobic bacteria and 34 strains of Corynebacterium species.
  • Citron2012a - Comparative in vitro activities of LFF571 against Clostridium difficile and 630 other intestinal strains of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.
  • Goldstein2008 - In vitro activities of doripenem and six comparator drugs against 423 aerobic and anaerobic bacterial isolates from infected diabetic foot wounds.
  • Goldstein2006a - In vitro activity of ceftobiprole against aerobic and anaerobic strains isolated from diabetic foot infections.
  • Goldstein2006b - In vitro activities of dalbavancin and 12 other agents against 329 aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive isolates recovered from diabetic foot infections.
  • Goldstein2006c - Comparative in vitro susceptibilities of 396 unusual anaerobic strains to tigecycline and eight other antimicrobial agents.
  • Goldstein2005 - Comparative in vitro activities of XRP 2868, pristinamycin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, vancomycin, daptomycin, linezolid, clarithromycin, telithromycin, clindamycin, and ampicillin against anaerobic gram-positive species, actinomycetes, and lactobacilli.
  • Citron2003 - In vitro activities of ramoplanin, teicoplanin, vancomycin, linezolid, bacitracin, and four other antimicrobials against intestinal anaerobic bacteria.
  • Citron2001 - Comparative in vitro activities of ABT-773 against 362 clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria.
  • Goldstein2000a - Comparative In vitro activities of ertapenem (MK-0826) against 1,001 anaerobes isolated from human intra-abdominal infections.
  • Goldstein1999 - In vitro activity of gemifloxacin (SB 265805) against anaerobes.
  • Schaumann1999 - In vitro activities of gatifloxacin, two other quinolones, and five nonquinolone antimicrobials against obligately anaerobic bacteria.
  • Goldstein1999b - Activities of telithromycin (HMR 3647, RU 66647) compared to those of erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, and other antimicrobial agents against unusual anaerobes.
  • Goldstein1991 - Goldstein EJ, Citron DM. Susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria isolated from intra-abdominal infections to ofloxacin and interaction of ofloxacin with metronidazole.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR CLOSTRIDIUM INNOCUUM
  • Aujoulat2014 - Temporal dynamics of the very premature infant gut dominant microbiota.
  • Benno1984 - The intestinal microflora of infants: composition of fecal flora in breast-fed and bottle-fed infants.
  • Benno1986 - Comparison of the fecal microflora in rural Japanese and urban Canadians.
  • Benno1989 - Comparison of fecal microflora of elderly persons in rural and urban areas of Japan.
  • Browne2016 - Culturing of 'unculturable' human microbiota reveals novel taxa and extensive sporulation.
  • Chen2020 - Structural and Functional Characterization of the Gut Microbiota in Elderly Women With Migraine
  • Chen2020a - Featured Gut Microbiomes Associated With the Progression of Chronic Hepatitis B Disease
  • Finegold1974 - Effect of diet on human fecal flora: comparison of Japanese and American diets
  • Finegold1977 - Fecal microbial flora in Seventh Day Adventist populations and control subjects.
  • Holdeman1976 - Human fecal flora: variation in bacterial composition within individuals and a possible effect of emotional stress.
  • Hu2019 - The Gut Microbiome Signatures Discriminate Healthy From Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • MacFarlane2004 - Chemotaxonomic analysis of bacterial populations colonizing the rectal mucosa in patients with ulcerative colitis.
  • Mangin2004 - Molecular inventory of faecal microflora in patients with Crohn's disease.
  • Moore1974 - Human fecal flora: the normal flora of 20 Japanese-Hawaiians.
  • Nam2008a - Bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryal diversity in the intestines of Korean people.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • Nielsen2014 - MetaHIT Consortium. Identification and assembly of genomes and genetic elements in complex metagenomic samples without using reference genomes.
  • Pfleiderer2013 - Culturomics identified 11 new bacterial species from a single anorexia nervosa stool sample.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Rothschild2018 - Environment dominates over host genetics in shaping human gut microbiota.
  • Walker2011 - High-throughput clone library analysis of the mucosa-associated microbiota reveals dysbiosis and differences between inflamed and non-inflamed regions of the intestine in inflammatory bowel disease.
  • Woodmansey2004 - Comparison of compositions and metabolic activities of fecal microbiotas in young adults and in antibiotic-treated and non-antibiotic-treated elderly subjects.
  • Yang2020 - Species-Level Analysis of Human Gut Microbiota With Metataxonomics.
  • Yang2020a - Establishing high-accuracy biomarkers for colorectal cancer by comparing fecal microbiomes in patients with healthy families
  • Zou2019 - 1,520 reference genomes from cultivated human gut bacteria enable functional microbiome analyses.
  • Zupancic2012 - Analysis of the Gut Microbiota in the Old Order Amish and Its Relation to the Metabolic Syndrome.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR CLOSTRIDIUM INNOCUUM
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
    • Added: April 08, 2021