Clostridium malenominatum

(aka Bacillus malenominatus)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Clostridium malenominatum, (aka Bacillus malenominatus), is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, strictly anaerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 6 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 28%. Clostridium malenominatum is probably a rare gut coloniser. (Rainey2011aBergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces, soil and clinical sources. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread. It is an opportunistic pathogen. Is a known gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Rainey2011aBergey);
    Character Response
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent hydrolysis or digestion:
  • gelatin;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • doesn't tolerate 6.5% salt;
  • 💧
  • Bile tolerance:
  • Doesn't tolerate 20% bile
  • pH
  • Acidity tolerance:
  • doesn't tolerate pH 8.5;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • strain-variable at 30(d); doesn't grow at 45℃; Grows optimally at 37℃.
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • glutamate; threonine; tyrosine; pyruvate; glutamine;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Rainey2011aBergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • formate (minor); acetate; propionate (minor); butyrate (major); lactate (minor); isobutyrate (minor); propanoltrace; butanoltrace; isovalerate (minor); H₂S (most strains); H₂;
  • Haemolysis:
  • variable
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Rainey2011aBergey); (Goldstein2008); (Goldstein2006a);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ampicillin-sulbactam; doripenem; ertapenem; imipenem; meropenem; piperacillin-tazobactam;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefoxitin;
  • Quinolines:
  • levofloxacin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • metronidazole;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • daptomycin; linezolid;

  • Finegold, S. M., Howard, R. A., & Vera, L. S. (1974). Effect of diet on human intestinal fecal flora: comparison of Japanese and American diets. Am. J. Clin. Nutr, 27, 1456–1469.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Clostridia Order:  Eubacteriales Family:  Clostridiaceae Genus:  Clostridium Alt. name:  Bacillus malenominatus Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  strictly anaerobic Spore:  Endospore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces, soil and clinical sources
    DNA G+C(%):  28
    Opt. T:  37℃
    Lower T(℃):  30(d)
    High T(℃):  45(neg)
    NaCl >6%:  6.5(neg)
    pH >8:  8.5(neg)
    Bile reaction(%):  20(neg)
    		Gelatin:  d(neg) Starch:  neg Milk:  neg Meat:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  neg Galactose:  neg Mannose:  neg Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  neg Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Lactose:  neg Maltose:  neg Melezitose:  neg Raffinose:  neg Sucrose:  neg Trehalose:  neg Amygdalin:  neg Glycogen:  neg Inulin:  neg Mannitol:  neg Salicin:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Starch:  neg Glu:  + Thr:  d(+) Tyr:  + Pyruvate:  +
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Lecithinase:  neg Lipase:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Formate:  minor(+) Acetate:  + Propionate:  minor(+) Butyrate:  Major(+) Lactate:  minor(+) Isobutyrate:  minor(+) Propanol:  trace Butanol:  trace Isovalerate:  minor(+) H2S:  d(+) H2:  +
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    Augmentin:  S(≤0.06/0.5)
    amp-sulb:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.25-0.25)
    piper-taz:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.06–8)
    doripenem:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.015–1)
    ertapenem:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.015–8)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.015–2)
    meropenem:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.015–2)
    cefepime:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 64, RNG: (0.03–128)
    cefotaxime:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.06–>128)
    cefoxitin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 8, RNG: (1-64)
    ceftazidime:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: >128, RNG: (0.06–>128)
    linezolid:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 8, RNG: (2–8)
    ciprofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.12-32)
    levofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.12-16)
    ofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.25->32)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    vancomycin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.25–16)
    metronidazole:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.02-2)
    clindamycin:  Var(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.03–32)
    daptomycin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.06–8)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR CLOSTRIDIUM MALENOMINATUM
  • Rainey2011aBergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Clostridiaceae, Genus I. Clostridium - Cluster I
  • Goldstein2008 - In vitro activities of doripenem and six comparator drugs against 423 aerobic and anaerobic bacterial isolates from infected diabetic foot wounds.
  • Goldstein2006a - In vitro activity of ceftobiprole against aerobic and anaerobic strains isolated from diabetic foot infections.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR CLOSTRIDIUM MALENOMINATUM
  • Finegold1974 - Effect of diet on human fecal flora: comparison of Japanese and American diets
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • MacFarlane2004 - Chemotaxonomic analysis of bacterial populations colonizing the rectal mucosa in patients with ulcerative colitis.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Taylor1985 - Nine-year microflora study of an isolator-maintained immunodeficient child.
  • Woodmansey2004 - Comparison of compositions and metabolic activities of fecal microbiotas in young adults and in antibiotic-treated and non-antibiotic-treated elderly subjects.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR CLOSTRIDIUM MALENOMINATUM
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
    • Added: April 08, 2021