Clostridium paraputrificum

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Clostridium paraputrificum is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, strictly anaerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 17 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 26-27%. Clostridium paraputrificum is a common gut coloniser. (Rainey2011aBergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces, animal faeces and clinical sources (peritoneal fluid, wounds, and appendicitis). The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread. It is an opportunistic pathogen. Is a known gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Rainey2011aBergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • aesculin; milk; starch;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • doesn't tolerate 6.5% salt;
  • 💧
  • Bile tolerance:
  • Resistant to 20% bile
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • grows weakly at 25℃; grows at 45℃; Grows optimally at 30-37℃.
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • glycogen; lactose; maltose;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • cellubiose; fructose; galactose; lactose; maltose; mannose; ribose; salicin; starch; sucrose;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • amygdalin; glycogen; trehalose;
  • Active enzymes:
  • N-Ac β-glucosaminidase; β-galactosidase; β-glucosidase; β-mannosidase; pyrrolidine arylamidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Rainey2011aBergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • acetate; butyrate; lactate; succinate (minor); H₂;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • indole;
  • ±
  • VP test:
  • strain dependent
  • Nitrate:
  • reduction is variable
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Goldstein2003); (Rainey2011aBergey); (Goldstein2014); (Goldstein2013); (Goldstein2013b); (Snydman2008); (Goldstein2006); (Citron2003); (Goldstein2003a); (Citron2001); (Schaumann1999); (Citron1997);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin; amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ampicillin; ampicillin-sulbactam; doripenem; ertapenem; imipenem; meropenem; penicillin; penicillin G; piperacillin-tazobactam;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefoxitin; ceftazidime; cefuroxime;
  • Macrolides:
  • erythromycin; fidaxomicin; quinupristin-dalfopristin;
  • azithromycin; clarithromycin; roxithromycin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • tigecycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • ciprofloxacin; gatifloxacin; moxifloxacin; ofloxacin; trovafloxacin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • metronidazole;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin; dalbavancin; teicoplanin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • clindamycin; linezolid; ranbezolid;
  • daptomycin;

  • Finegold, S. M., Howard, R. A., & Vera, L. S. (1974). Effect of diet on human intestinal fecal flora: comparison of Japanese and American diets. Am. J. Clin. Nutr, 27, 1456–1469.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Clostridia Order:  Eubacteriales Family:  Clostridiaceae Genus:  Clostridium Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  strictly anaerobic Spore:  Endospore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces, animal faeces and clinical sources (peritoneal fluid, wounds, and appendicitis)
    DNA G+C(%):  26-27
    Opt. T:  30-37℃
    Lower T(℃):  25(w)
    High T(℃):  45(+)
    NaCl >6%:  6.5(neg)
    Bile reaction(%):  20(+)
    		Aesculin:  + Urea:  neg Starch:  + Hippurate:  neg Milk:  +
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    L-Arabinose:  neg Mannose:  neg Ribose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Trehalose:  neg Dextrin:  neg Glycogen:  + D-Arabitol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Galactose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  w(+) Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  + Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Raffinose:  neg Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  d Amygdalin:  d Glycogen:  d Inulin:  neg Mannitol:  neg Salicin:  + Sorbitol:  neg Starch:  +
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  + α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  + α-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucuronidase:  neg β-Mannosidase:  + ArgDH:  neg GluDC:  neg AlanineAA:  neg AlaPheProAA:  neg GluGluAA:  neg GlyAA:  neg LeuAA:  neg LeuGlyAA:  neg PyrrolidAA:  + AlkalineP:  neg Lecithinase:  neg Lipase:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Acetate:  + Butyrate:  + Lactate:  + Succinate:  minor(+) H2:  + Indole:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.125-0.5)
    Augmentin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.125-0.5)
    ampicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.06-2)
    amp-sulb:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.06–1)
    penicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.06–2)
    penicillin_G:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.06-2)
    piper-taz:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.02-2)
    doripenem:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.06–8)
    ertapenem:  S(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.06–8)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.06-0.5)
    meropenem:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.06–0.5)
    cefotetan:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.25–128)
    cefoxitin:  S(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.25–8)
    ceftazidime:  S(MIC50): 8, MIC90: >128, RNG: (0.5–>128)
    cefuroxime:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: -, RNG: (0.015–>32)
    azithromycin:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.5–>32)
    erythromycin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.25-8)
    fidaxomicin:  S(MIC50): 0.016, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (0.016-0.06)
    clarithromycin:  R(MIC50): 32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.25–>32)
    quin-dalf:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.25-1)
    roxithromycin:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (1–>32)
    telithromycin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.06–>32)
    linezolid:  S1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.5-4)
    ciprofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.06-8)
    gatifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.25-2)
    levofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.15–16)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.25-2)
    ofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.5-256)
    trovafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.03-1)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    tigecycline:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.06–0.5)
    dalbavancin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.015-1)
    teicoplanin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.06-4)
    vancomycin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.5-2)
    bacitracin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 128, RNG: (1–128)
    metronidazole:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.02-2)
    ranbezolid:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.008-0.06)
    clindamycin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.02-8)
    daptomycin:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (16->32)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR CLOSTRIDIUM PARAPUTRIFICUM
  • Goldstein2003 - In Vitro Activities of Daptomycin, Vancomycin, Quinupristin- Dalfopristin, Linezolid, and Five Other Antimicrobials against 307 Gram-Positive Anaerobic and 31 Corynebacterium Clinical Isolates.
  • Rainey2011aBergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Clostridiaceae, Genus I. Clostridium - Cluster I
  • Ridlon2006 - Bile salt biotransformations by human intestinal bacteria
  • Cassir2015 - Clostridium butyricum Strains and Dysbiosis Linked to Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Neonates
  • Doumatey2020 - Gut Microbiome Profiles Are Associated With Type 2 Diabetes in Urban Africans
  • Finegold2002 - Gastrointestinal microflora studies in late-onset autism
  • Goldstein2014 - Comparative in vitro activities of SMT19969, a new antimicrobial agent, against 162 strains from 35 less frequently recovered intestinal Clostridium species: implications for Clostridium difficile recurrence.
  • Goldstein2013 - In vitro activity of Biapenem plus RPX7009, a carbapenem combined with a serine β-lactamase inhibitor, against anaerobic bacteria.
  • Goldstein2013b - Comparative in vitro activities of GSK2251052, a novel boron-containing leucyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor, against 916 anaerobic organisms.
  • Snydman2008 - In vitro activities of doripenem, a new broad-spectrum carbapenem, against recently collected clinical anaerobic isolates, with emphasis on the Bacteroides fragilis group.
  • Goldstein2006 - In vitro activity of moxifloxacin against 923 anaerobes isolated from human intra-abdominal infections.
  • Citron2003 - In vitro activities of ramoplanin, teicoplanin, vancomycin, linezolid, bacitracin, and four other antimicrobials against intestinal anaerobic bacteria.
  • Goldstein2003a - In vitro activities of ABT-492, a new fluoroquinolone, against 155 aerobic and 171 anaerobic pathogens isolated from antral sinus puncture specimens from patients with sinusitis.
  • Citron2001 - Comparative in vitro activities of ABT-773 against 362 clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria.
  • Schaumann1999 - In vitro activities of gatifloxacin, two other quinolones, and five nonquinolone antimicrobials against obligately anaerobic bacteria.
  • Citron1997 - Comparative in vitro activities of trovafloxacin (CP-99,219) against 221 aerobic and 217 anaerobic bacteria isolated from patients with intra-abdominal infections.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR CLOSTRIDIUM PARAPUTRIFICUM
  • Aujoulat2014 - Temporal dynamics of the very premature infant gut dominant microbiota.
  • Benno1984 - The intestinal microflora of infants: composition of fecal flora in breast-fed and bottle-fed infants.
  • Benno1986 - Comparison of the fecal microflora in rural Japanese and urban Canadians.
  • Benno1989 - Comparison of fecal microflora of elderly persons in rural and urban areas of Japan.
  • Browne2016 - Culturing of 'unculturable' human microbiota reveals novel taxa and extensive sporulation.
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Cassir2015 - Clostridium butyricum Strains and Dysbiosis Linked to Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Neonates
  • Finegold1974 - Effect of diet on human fecal flora: comparison of Japanese and American diets
  • Finegold1977 - Fecal microbial flora in Seventh Day Adventist populations and control subjects.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • McLaughlin2010 - The bacteriology of pouchitis: a molecular phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene cloning and sequencing.
  • Pfleiderer2013 - Culturomics identified 11 new bacterial species from a single anorexia nervosa stool sample.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Taylor1985 - Nine-year microflora study of an isolator-maintained immunodeficient child.
  • Walker2011 - High-throughput clone library analysis of the mucosa-associated microbiota reveals dysbiosis and differences between inflamed and non-inflamed regions of the intestine in inflammatory bowel disease.
  • Yang2020 - Species-Level Analysis of Human Gut Microbiota With Metataxonomics.
  • Yang2020a - Establishing high-accuracy biomarkers for colorectal cancer by comparing fecal microbiomes in patients with healthy families
  • Zupancic2012 - Analysis of the Gut Microbiota in the Old Order Amish and Its Relation to the Metabolic Syndrome.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR CLOSTRIDIUM PARAPUTRIFICUM
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
    • Added: April 08, 2021