Clostridium perfringens

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Clostridium perfringens is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, strictly anaerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 33 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 27%. Clostridium perfringens is often a widespread coloniser of gut. (Rainey2011aBergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces, clinical sources (blood, wound - CCUG) and human gut. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread (notes: human and animal pathogen). Is a known human pathogen. Is a known gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Rainey2011aBergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • gelatin;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent hydrolysis or digestion:
  • aesculin; milk; starch;
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • fructose; glucose; mannose; ribose; lactose; maltose; sucrose; trehalose;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • fructose; galactose; lactose; maltose; mannose; sucrose;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • cellubiose; glycogen; inositol; ribose; raffinose; sorbitol; starch; trehalose;
  • Active enzymes:
  • alkaline phosphatase; acid phosphatase; N-Ac β-glucosaminidase; esterase C4; esterase lipase C8; α-galactosidase; β-galactosidase; α-glucosidase; hyaluridonase; lecithinase; pyrrolidine arylamidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Rainey2011aBergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • acetate; propionate (minor); butyrate; lactate; succinate (minor); H₂;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • indole;
  • ✓
  • Nitrate:
  • reduced
  • ✓
  • Pigments:
  • produced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Sarvari2019); (Rainey2011aBergey); (Goldstein2018a); (Goldstein2014); (Goldstein2013b); (Tyrrell2012); (Citron2012a); (Goldstein2008); (Goldstein2006a); (Goldstein2006b); (Goldstein2005); (Citron2003); (Citron2001); (Goldstein2000a); (Goldstein1999); (Schaumann1999);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin; amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ampicillin; ampicillin-sulbactam; azlocillin; bacampicillin; benzylpenicillin; cloxacillin; dicloxacillin; doripenem; ertapenem; imipenem; meropenem; oxacillin; penicillin; penicillin G; piperacillin; piperacillin-tazobactam; ticarcillin; ticarcillin-clavulanic acid;
  • aztreonam;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefazolin; cefdinir; cefixime; cefmetazole; cefoperazone; cefotetan; cefotiam; cefoxitin; cefuroxime; cephalothin; moxalactam;
  • cefaclor; cefadroxil;
  • Macrolides:
  • azithromycin; clarithromycin; erythromycin; fidaxomicin; josamycin; pristinamycin; quinupristin-dalfopristin; roxithromycin; spiramycin; telithromycin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • chlortetracycline; doxycycline; meclocycline; methacycline; minocycline; oxytetracycline; tetracycline; tigecycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • besifloxacin; ciprofloxacin; clinafloxacin; enoxacin; garenoxacin; gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; moxifloxacin; nalidixic-acid; norfloxacin; pefloxacin; sarafloxacin; trovafloxacin;
  • clavulanic-acid; pipemidic-acid;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • amikacin; dihydrostreptomycin; gentamicin; kanamycin; neomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; streptomycin; tobramycin;
  • Polypep/ketides:
  • bacitracin; rifabutin; rifampicin; rifapentine;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol; fusidic-acid; metronidazole; nitrofurantoin; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole;
  • isoniazid; sulfadiazine; sulfadimethoxine; sulfamethoxazole; sulfanilamide; trimethoprim;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin; dalbavancin; teicoplanin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • clindamycin; daptomycin; lincomycin; linezolid; pristinamycin; telithromycin;
  • colistin;
  • NOTES

    Cause of gas gangrene

  • N/A

  • Passini (1905). Studien uber faulnisserregende anaerobe Bakterien des normalen menschlichen Darmes und ihre Bedeutung. Z. Hyg. Infektionskr. 49.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Clostridia Order:  Eubacteriales Family:  Clostridiaceae Genus:  Clostridium Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  strictly anaerobic Spore:  Endospore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Rod Pigment:  +
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces, clinical sources (blood, wound - CCUG) and human gut
    DNA G+C(%):  27
    		Aesculin:  d Urea:  neg Gelatin:  + Starch:  d Milk:  d Meat:  vr
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  + Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + Glycerol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Salicin:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Galactose:  w(+) Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  d Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  d Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Raffinose:  d Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  d Amygdalin:  neg Glycogen:  d Inositol:  d Inulin:  neg Mannitol:  neg Salicin:  neg Sorbitol:  d Starch:  d
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Urease:  neg Hyaluridonase:  + Ac-β-glcamnd:  + α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  + β-Galactosidase:  + α-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucuronidase:  neg α-Mannosidase:  neg ArgDH:  vr GluDC:  vr AlanineAA:  neg GluGluAA:  neg GlyAA:  neg LeuAA:  neg LeuGlyAA:  neg PyrrolidAA:  + AlkalineP:  + AcidP:  + Esterase(C4):  + EstLip(C8):  + Lecithinase:  + Lipase:  neg Lipase(C14):  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Acetate:  + Propionate:  minor(+) Butyrate:  + Lactate:  + Succinate:  minor(+) H2:  + Indole:  neg Pigment:  +
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.125-0.25)
    Augmentin:  S(MIC50): 0.032, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.008-3)
    ampicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (0.03-0.12)
    amp-sulb:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (0.03-0.12)
    azlocillin:  Sens
    aztreonam:  Res
    bacampicillin:  Sens
    benzyl-pen:  Sens
    cloxacillin:  Sens
    dicloxacillin:  Sens
    oxacillin:  S(0.185)
    penicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.03–4)
    penicillin_G:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.02-0.125)
    piperacillin:  S(MIC50): 0.015, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.004-4)
    piper-taz:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (0.03-0.25)
    ticarcillin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.06-0.5)
    tica-clav:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.12-1)
    doripenem:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (0.016-0.06)
    ertapenem:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.016-0.125)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.062, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (0.06-0.25)
    meropenem:  S(MIC50): ≤0.016, MIC90: ≤0.125, RNG: (0.002-1)
    cefaclor:  R(MIC50): 8, MIC90: -, RNG: (8-32)
    cefadroxil:  Res
    cefazolin:  S(0.5)
    cefdinir:  Sens
    cefepime:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 64, RNG: (0.03–128)
    cefixime:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: -, RNG: (1-64)
    cefmetazole:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.06-0.5)
    cefoperazone:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.03-2)
    cefotaxime:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.06–>128)
    cefotetan:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.06–>32)
    cefotiam:  Sens
    cefoxitin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.016-8)
    cefpirom:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: >16, RNG: (0.25->16)
    ceftazidime:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: >16, RNG: (0.5->16)
    ceftizoxime:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.5-8)
    cefuroxime:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: -, RNG: (0.5-4)
    cephalothin:  Sens
    moxalactam:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.5-8)
    amikacin:  R(>256)
    dihydrostrept:  Res
    gentamicin:  Res
    kanamycin:  Res
    neomycin:  Res
    sisomicin:  Res
    spectinomycin:  Res
    streptomycin:  Res
    tobramycin:  R(256)
    azithromycin:  S(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 4, RNG: (2–4)
    erythromycin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.25-8)
    fidaxomicin:  S(MIC50): 0.015, MIC90: 0.015, RNG: (0.015–0.03)
    clarithromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.125–1)
    pristinamycin:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (0.12)
    quin-dalf:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.125-0.5)
    roxithromycin:  S(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.25–4)
    spiramycin:  S(1.5)
    telithromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.06–0.25)
    josamycin:  Sens
    linezolid:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 2, RNG: (1-4)
    besifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.12-0.25)
    ciprofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.25-16)
    clavulanate:  Res
    clinafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (0.06-0.12)
    enoxacin:  Sens
    garenoxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.125-2)
    gatifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.25-1)
    gemifloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: >16, RNG: (1–>16)
    levofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.25-1)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.25-1)
    nalidixic-acid:  Sens
    norfloxacin:  S(1)
    ofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.25->32)
    pefloxacin:  Sens
    pipemidic_acid:  Res
    sarafloxacin:  Sens
    sparfloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: >16, RNG: (4–>16)
    trovafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.06-2)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  S(0.064)
    chlortetracycline:  Sens
    meclocycline:  Sens
    methacycline:  Sens
    minocycline:  Sens
    oxytetracycline:  Sens
    tetracycline:  Sens
    tigecycline:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.02-2)
    dalbavancin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.03-0.125)
    teicoplanin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.03-0.25)
    vancomycin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.25-2)
    bacitracin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.25–2)
    rifabutin:  Sens
    rifampicin:  SensRNG: (0.0039/-)
    rifapentine:  Sens
    chloramphenicol:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.5-2)
    fosfomycin:  Var(MIC50): 24), MIC90: Var(24
    isoniazid:  Res
    metronidazole:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.5-2)
    nitrofurantoin:  Sens
    sulfadiazine:  Res
    sulfadimethoxine:  Res
    sulfamethoxazole:  R(>1024)
    sulfanilamide:  Res
    trimethoprim:  R(>32)
    SXT:  S(3)
    clindamycin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.02->256)
    lincomycin:  Sens
    daptomycin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.25-1)
    colistin:  R(>1024)
    fusidic-acid:  Sens

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS
  • Sarvari2019 - The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of gas gangrene-forming Clostridium spp. clinical isolates from South-Eastern Hungary.
  • Rainey2011aBergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Clostridiaceae, Genus I. Clostridium - Cluster I
  • Mitsuoka1990 - Bifidobacteria and their role in human health.
  • Ridlon2006 - Bile salt biotransformations by human intestinal bacteria
  • Cassir2015 - Clostridium butyricum Strains and Dysbiosis Linked to Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Neonates
  • Cekanaviciute2018 - Multiple Sclerosis-Associated Changes in the Composition and Immune Functions of Spore-Forming Bacteria
  • Chen2019 - The alteration of gut microbiota in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients
  • Cree2016 - Gut microbiome analysis in neuromyelitis optica reveals overabundance of Clostridium perfringens
  • Debyser2016 - Faecal proteomics: A tool to investigate dysbiosis and inflammation in patients with cystic fibrosis
  • DeLaCochetiere2004 - Early intestinal bacterial colonization and necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants: the putative role of Clostridium
  • ElMouzan2018 - Microbiota profile in new-onset pediatric Crohn's disease: data from a non-Western population
  • Finegold2002 - Gastrointestinal microflora studies in late-onset autism
  • Fukugaiti2015 - High occurrence of Fusobacterium nucleatum and Clostridium difficile in the intestinal microbiota of colorectal carcinoma patients
  • Hayden2020 - Fecal dysbiosis in infants with cystic fibrosis is associated with early linear growth failure
  • Huang2019 - Analysis of microbiota in elderly patients with Acute Cerebral Infarction
  • Ignacio2016 - Correlation between body mass index and faecal microbiota from children
  • Jackson2016 - Signatures of early frailty in the gut microbiota
  • Li2019c - Gut Microbiota Differs Between Parkinson's Disease Patients and Healthy Controls in Northeast China
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  • Xu2019 - Altered gut microbiota and mucosal immunity in patients with schizophrenia
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  • Goldstein2018a - Comparative In Vitro Activities of Relebactam, Imipenem, the Combination of the Two, and Six Comparator Antimicrobial Agents against 432 Strains of Anaerobic Organisms, Including Imipenem-Resistant Strains.
  • Goldstein2014 - Comparative in vitro activities of SMT19969, a new antimicrobial agent, against 162 strains from 35 less frequently recovered intestinal Clostridium species: implications for Clostridium difficile recurrence.
  • Goldstein2013b - Comparative in vitro activities of GSK2251052, a novel boron-containing leucyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor, against 916 anaerobic organisms.
  • Tyrrell2012 - In vitro activity of TD-1792, a multivalent glycopeptide-cephalosporin antibiotic, against 377 strains of anaerobic bacteria and 34 strains of Corynebacterium species.
  • Citron2012a - Comparative in vitro activities of LFF571 against Clostridium difficile and 630 other intestinal strains of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.
  • Goldstein2008 - In vitro activities of doripenem and six comparator drugs against 423 aerobic and anaerobic bacterial isolates from infected diabetic foot wounds.
  • Goldstein2006a - In vitro activity of ceftobiprole against aerobic and anaerobic strains isolated from diabetic foot infections.
  • Goldstein2006b - In vitro activities of dalbavancin and 12 other agents against 329 aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive isolates recovered from diabetic foot infections.
  • Goldstein2005 - Comparative in vitro activities of XRP 2868, pristinamycin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, vancomycin, daptomycin, linezolid, clarithromycin, telithromycin, clindamycin, and ampicillin against anaerobic gram-positive species, actinomycetes, and lactobacilli.
  • Citron2003 - In vitro activities of ramoplanin, teicoplanin, vancomycin, linezolid, bacitracin, and four other antimicrobials against intestinal anaerobic bacteria.
  • Citron2001 - Comparative in vitro activities of ABT-773 against 362 clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria.
  • Goldstein2000a - Comparative In vitro activities of ertapenem (MK-0826) against 1,001 anaerobes isolated from human intra-abdominal infections.
  • Goldstein1999 - In vitro activity of gemifloxacin (SB 265805) against anaerobes.
  • Schaumann1999 - In vitro activities of gatifloxacin, two other quinolones, and five nonquinolone antimicrobials against obligately anaerobic bacteria.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS
  • Almeida2019 - A new genomic blueprint of the human gut microbiota.
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  • Cassir2015 - Clostridium butyricum Strains and Dysbiosis Linked to Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Neonates
  • Dubinkina2017 - Links of gut microbiota composition with alcohol dependence syndrome and alcoholic liver disease
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  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
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  • McLaughlin2010 - The bacteriology of pouchitis: a molecular phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene cloning and sequencing.
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  • Taylor1985 - Nine-year microflora study of an isolator-maintained immunodeficient child.
  • Tyakht2013 - Human gut microbiota community structures in urban and rural populations in Russia.
  • Walker2011 - High-throughput clone library analysis of the mucosa-associated microbiota reveals dysbiosis and differences between inflamed and non-inflamed regions of the intestine in inflammatory bowel disease.
  • Wang2020a - Aberrant gut microbiota alters host metabolome and impacts renal failure in humans and rodents
  • Woodmansey2004 - Comparison of compositions and metabolic activities of fecal microbiotas in young adults and in antibiotic-treated and non-antibiotic-treated elderly subjects.
  • Yang2020 - Species-Level Analysis of Human Gut Microbiota With Metataxonomics.
  • Yang2020a - Establishing high-accuracy biomarkers for colorectal cancer by comparing fecal microbiomes in patients with healthy families
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • Zou2019 - 1,520 reference genomes from cultivated human gut bacteria enable functional microbiome analyses.
  • Zupancic2012 - Analysis of the Gut Microbiota in the Old Order Amish and Its Relation to the Metabolic Syndrome.
  • deGoffau2013 - Fecal microbiota composition differs between children with β-cell autoimmunity and those without.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
  • CCUG - Culture Collection University of Gothenburg - Entire Collection
    • Added: February 08, 2021