Clostridium septicum

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Clostridium septicum is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, strictly anaerobic, motile, bacterium. It has been detected in at least 6 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 24%. Clostridium septicum is probably a rare gut coloniser. (Hall1922; Willis1972; Rainey2011aBergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces, soil, animals and clinical sources (bacteremia, gas gangrene, other infections). The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread. It is an opportunistic pathogen. Is a known gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Hall1922); (Rainey2011aBergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • aesculin; chitin; mucin;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent hydrolysis or digestion:
  • milk;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • doesn't grow at 46℃; Grows optimally at 37-40℃.
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • cellubiose; fructose; galactose; lactose; maltose; mannose; trehalose; arginine; histidine; isoleucine; phenylalanine; serine; threonine; tyrosine; valine; pyruvate; mucin;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • ribose; salicin;
  • Active enzymes:
  • N-Ac β-glucosaminidase; DNase; β-galactosidase; hyaluridonase; pyrrolidine arylamidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Rainey2011aBergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • formate; acetate; propionate (minor); butyrate; lactate (minor); ethanolminor; H₂;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • indole;
  • ✗
  • VP test:
  • not active
  • Haemolysis:
  • beta
  • ±
  • Nitrate:
  • strain dependent
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Rainey2011aBergey); (Goldstein1991);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ertapenem; imipenem; meropenem; piperacillin;
  • Quinolines:
  • clinafloxacin; ofloxacin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • clindamycin;
  • NOTES

    This species is capable of causing rapidly fatal infections
    in humans and other animals by production of its
    lethal hemolytic and necrotizing alpha toxin.

  • N/A

  • Finegold, S. M., Howard, R. A., & Vera, L. S. (1974). Effect of diet on human intestinal fecal flora: comparison of Japanese and American diets. Am. J. Clin. Nutr, 27, 1456–1469.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Clostridia Order:  Eubacteriales Family:  Clostridiaceae Genus:  Clostridium Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  strictly anaerobic Spore:  Endospore Motility:  Swimming
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces, soil, animals and clinical sources (bacteremia, gas gangrene, other infections)
    DNA G+C(%):  24
    Opt. T:  37-40℃
    High T(℃):  46(neg)
    		Aesculin:  + Urea:  neg Starch:  neg Chitin:  + Hippurate:  neg Milk:  d Meat:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    L-Arabinose:  neg Mannose:  neg Ribose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Lactose:  neg Maltose:  neg Melezitose:  neg Trehalose:  neg Dextrin:  neg Glycogen:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Galactose:  w(+) Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  d Sorbose:  w Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  w(+) Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Raffinose:  neg Sucrose:  neg Trehalose:  w(+) Adonitol:  neg Amygdalin:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  neg Glycogen:  neg Inulin:  neg Mannitol:  neg Salicin:  d Sorbitol:  neg Starch:  neg Arg:  + His:  + Ile:  + Phe:  + Ser:  + Thr:  + Tyr:  + Val:  + Pyruvate:  +
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Urease:  neg Hyaluridonase:  + Ac-β-glcamnd:  + α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  + α-Glucosidase:  vr β-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  neg β-Mannosidase:  neg ArgDH:  neg GluDC:  neg AlanineAA:  neg AlaPheProAA:  neg GluGluAA:  neg GlyAA:  neg LeuAA:  neg LeuGlyAA:  neg PyrrolidAA:  + AlkalineP:  neg DNAse:  + Lecithinase:  neg Lipase:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Formate:  + Acetate:  + Propionate:  minor(+) Butyrate:  + Lactate:  minor(+) Ethanol:  minor H2:  + Indole:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    Augmentin:  S(≤0.06/0.5)
    ampicillin:  Var(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.03-64)
    amp-sulb:  Var(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.03-16)
    penicillin_G:  Var(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.03-32)
    piperacillin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.03-2)
    piper-taz:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.03-8)
    ticarcillin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.25-128)
    tica-clav:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 128, RNG: (0.03-128)
    ertapenem:  S(0.03/1)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.8, RNG: (0.03-1)
    meropenem:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.03-1)
    cefmetazole:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.06-32)
    cefoperazone:  Var(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.06-8)
    cefoxitin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.06-16)
    clinafloxacin:  S(0.06/0.25)
    ofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.5-256)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    chloramphenicol:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.5-4)
    metronidazole:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: >128, RNG: (0.12->128)
    clindamycin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.03-4)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR CLOSTRIDIUM SEPTICUM
  • Hall1922 - Differentiation and identification of the sporulating anaerobes.
  • Willis1972 - Prevention Of Swarming Of Clostridium Septicum.
  • Rainey2011aBergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Clostridiaceae, Genus I. Clostridium - Cluster I
  • Hynes2000 - Hyaluronidases of Gram-positive bacteria.
  • Goldstein1991 - Goldstein EJ, Citron DM. Susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria isolated from intra-abdominal infections to ofloxacin and interaction of ofloxacin with metronidazole.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR CLOSTRIDIUM SEPTICUM
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Finegold1974 - Effect of diet on human fecal flora: comparison of Japanese and American diets
  • Finegold1977 - Fecal microbial flora in Seventh Day Adventist populations and control subjects.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR CLOSTRIDIUM SEPTICUM
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
  • Derrien2010Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 4, The Lentisphaerae. Family Victivallaceae, Genus I. Victivallis
  • Derrien2010aBergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 4, The Verrucomicrobia. Family Akkermansiaceae, Genus I. Akkermansia
  • Derrien2010 - Mucin-bacterial interactions in the human oral cavity and digestive tract.
    • Added: February 08, 2021