Clostridium sporogenes

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Clostridium sporogenes is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, strictly anaerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 9 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 26%. Clostridium sporogenes is probably a common, although minor, coloniser of the gut. (Hall1922; Rainey2011aBergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces, soil, animals and clinical sources (bacteremia, wounds, abscesses and atherosclerotic plaques). The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread. It is an opportunistic pathogen. Is a known gut commensal. Robust growth can have negative consequences for gut health.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Hall1922); (Rainey2011aBergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • aesculin; chitin; gelatin; meat;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent hydrolysis or digestion:
  • milk;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • growth in 6.5(vr)% is variable;
  • 💧
  • Bile tolerance:
  • Strain-variable at 20%
  • pH
  • Acidity tolerance:
  • growth at pH 8.5(vr) is variable;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • grows at 25℃; grows at 45℃; Grows optimally at 30-40℃.
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • glucose; maltose; trehalose;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • threonine; lactate; pyruvate;
  • Active enzymes:
  • acid phosphatase; arginine dihydrolase; DNase; esterase C4; lipase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Rainey2011aBergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • acetate; propionate (minor); butyrate; lactate (minor); valerate (minor); isobutyrate (minor); ethanolminor; butanolminor; succinate (minor); isovalerate (minor); H₂S; ammonia; H₂;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • indole;
  • ±
  • Haemolysis:
  • beta(d(present))
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Goldstein2003); (Rainey2011aBergey); (Goldstein2014); (Citron2003); (Goldstein2000a);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • ampicillin; imipenem; meropenem; penicillin G; piperacillin;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefoxitin; cefuroxime;
  • cefixime;
  • Macrolides:
  • fidaxomicin; quinupristin-dalfopristin;
  • Quinolines:
  • clinafloxacin; moxifloxacin;
  • Polypep/ketides:
  • bacitracin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol; metronidazole;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin; teicoplanin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • clindamycin; daptomycin; linezolid;

  • Mitsuoka, T (1992). Intestinal flora and aging. Nutr. Rev. 50: 438-446.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Clostridia Order:  Eubacteriales Family:  Clostridiaceae Genus:  Clostridium Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  strictly anaerobic Spore:  Endospore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod
    Health:   Negative
    Source:  human faeces, soil, animals and clinical sources (bacteremia, wounds, abscesses and atherosclerotic plaques)
    DNA G+C(%):  26
    Opt. T:  30-40℃
    Lower T(℃):  25(+)
    High T(℃):  45(+)
    NaCl >6%:  6.5(vr)
    pH >8:  8.5(vr)
    Bile reaction(%):  20(d)
    		Aesculin:  + Urea:  neg Gelatin:  + Starch:  neg Chitin:  + Milk:  d Meat:  +
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg Glucose:  + Mannose:  neg Rhamnose:  neg Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Lactose:  neg Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Sucrose:  neg Trehalose:  + Glycerol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Salicin:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  neg Galactose:  neg Mannose:  neg Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  neg Sorbose:  neg Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Lactose:  neg Maltose:  neg Melezitose:  neg Raffinose:  neg Sucrose:  neg Trehalose:  neg Adonitol:  neg Amygdalin:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  neg Glycogen:  neg Inulin:  neg Mannitol:  neg Salicin:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Starch:  neg Thr:  + Lactate:  + Pyruvate:  +
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Catalase:  neg Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  neg α-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  neg α-Mannosidase:  neg ArgDH:  + GluDC:  neg AlanineAA:  neg GluGluAA:  neg GlyAA:  neg LeuAA:  neg LeuGlyAA:  neg PyrrolidAA:  vr AlkalineP:  neg AcidP:  + DNAse:  + Esterase(C4):  + EstLip(C8):  neg Lecithinase:  neg Lipase:  + Lipase(C14):  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Acetate:  + Propionate:  minor(+) Butyrate:  + Lactate:  minor(+) Valerate:  minor(+) Isobutyrate:  minor(+) Ethanol:  minor Butanol:  minor Succinate:  minor(+) Isovalerate:  minor(+) H2S:  + Ammonia:  + H2:  + Indole:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    ampicillin:  S, MIC90: S, RNG: (0.03-64)
    amp-sulb:  Var(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.03-16)
    penicillin_G:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.03->32)
    piperacillin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.03-2)
    piper-taz:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.03-8)
    tica-clav:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.06–64)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.03-1)
    meropenem:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.03-1)
    cefaclor:  Var(MIC50): 8, MIC90: -, RNG: (8-32)
    cefixime:  R(>16/>32)
    cefmetazole:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.06-32)
    cefoperazone:  Var(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.06-8)
    cefoxitin:  S, MIC90: S, RNG: (1-64)
    cefpodoxime:  Var(MIC50): 8, MIC90: -, RNG: (0.25-16)
    cefprozil:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: -, RNG: (1-16)
    cefuroxime:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: -, RNG: (0.5-4)
    streptomycin:  Var(MIC50): 7.8), MIC90: Var(7.8
    fidaxomicin:  S(0.06)
    quin-dalf:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.125-8)
    linezolid:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.25–4)
    ciprofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.12-32)
    clinafloxacin:  S(0.06/0.25)
    levofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.12-16)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.12-2)
    ofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.25->32)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    teicoplanin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.06–8)
    vancomycin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.06-8)
    bacitracin:  R(MIC50): 16, MIC90: 128, RNG: (0.5–>128)
    chloramphenicol:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.5-4)
    metronidazole:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.12-1)
    clindamycin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.03-4)
    daptomycin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.03-2)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR CLOSTRIDIUM SPOROGENES
  • Goldstein2003 - In Vitro Activities of Daptomycin, Vancomycin, Quinupristin- Dalfopristin, Linezolid, and Five Other Antimicrobials against 307 Gram-Positive Anaerobic and 31 Corynebacterium Clinical Isolates.
  • Hall1922 - Differentiation and identification of the sporulating anaerobes.
  • Rainey2011aBergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Clostridiaceae, Genus I. Clostridium - Cluster I
  • SelberHnatiw2020 - Metabolic networks of the human gut microbiota.
  • Gryp2020 - Isolation and Quantification of Uremic Toxin Precursor-Generating Gut Bacteria in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients
  • Goldstein2014 - Comparative in vitro activities of SMT19969, a new antimicrobial agent, against 162 strains from 35 less frequently recovered intestinal Clostridium species: implications for Clostridium difficile recurrence.
  • Citron2003 - In vitro activities of ramoplanin, teicoplanin, vancomycin, linezolid, bacitracin, and four other antimicrobials against intestinal anaerobic bacteria.
  • Goldstein2000a - Comparative In vitro activities of ertapenem (MK-0826) against 1,001 anaerobes isolated from human intra-abdominal infections.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR CLOSTRIDIUM SPOROGENES
  • Almeida2019 - A new genomic blueprint of the human gut microbiota.
  • Jeong2021 - The effect of taxonomic classification by full-length 16S rRNA sequencing with a synthetic long-read technology
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • Pfleiderer2013 - Culturomics identified 11 new bacterial species from a single anorexia nervosa stool sample.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Taylor1985 - Nine-year microflora study of an isolator-maintained immunodeficient child.
  • Tyakht2013 - Human gut microbiota community structures in urban and rural populations in Russia.
  • Wang2020a - Aberrant gut microbiota alters host metabolome and impacts renal failure in humans and rodents
  • Woodmansey2004 - Comparison of compositions and metabolic activities of fecal microbiotas in young adults and in antibiotic-treated and non-antibiotic-treated elderly subjects.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR CLOSTRIDIUM SPOROGENES
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
    • Added: April 08, 2021