Clostridium subterminale

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Clostridium subterminale is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, strictly anaerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 4 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 28%. Clostridium subterminale is probably a rare gut coloniser. (Rainey2011aBergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces, soil, animals and clinical sources (diarrhoea, rare infections). The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread. Can cause opportunistic infections, particularly in immunocompromised people. Is a known gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Rainey2011aBergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • DNA; gelatin;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent hydrolysis or digestion:
  • milk;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • doesn't tolerate 6.5% salt;
  • 💧
  • Bile tolerance:
  • Doesn't tolerate 20% bile
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • grows at 25℃; grows at 45℃; Grows optimally at 37℃.
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • arginine; glycine; isoleucine; leucine; lysine; serine; threonine; tryptophan; tyrosine; valine; pyruvate;
  • Active enzymes:
  • DNase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Rainey2011aBergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • formate (minor); acetate; propionate (minor); butyrate; lactate (minor); isobutyrate (minor); ethanolminor; succinate (minor); isovalerate; Hâ‚‚S (most strains); ammonia; Hâ‚‚;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • indole;
  • ±
  • Haemolysis:
  • beta(d(present))
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Goldstein2003); (Rainey2011aBergey); (Goldstein2014); (Snydman2008); (Goldstein2008); (Goldstein2006a); (Goldstein2006b); (Citron2003); (Citron2001); (Citron1997);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ampicillin; ampicillin-sulbactam; doripenem; ertapenem; imipenem; meropenem; penicillin; penicillin G; piperacillin-tazobactam;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefoperazone; cefotetan; cefoxitin;
  • Macrolides:
  • fidaxomicin; quinupristin-dalfopristin;
  • azithromycin; clarithromycin; erythromycin; roxithromycin;
  • Quinolines:
  • moxifloxacin; ofloxacin; trovafloxacin;
  • Polypep/ketides:
  • bacitracin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • metronidazole;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin; dalbavancin; teicoplanin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • daptomycin; linezolid;

  • Taylor, G. R., Kropp, K. D., & Molina, T. C. (1985). Nine-year microflora study of an isolator-maintained immunodeficient child. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 50(6), 1349–1356.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Clostridia Order:  Eubacteriales Family:  Clostridiaceae Genus:  Clostridium Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  strictly anaerobic Spore:  Endospore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces, soil, animals and clinical sources (diarrhoea, rare infections)
    DNA G+C(%):  28
    Opt. T:  37℃
    Lower T(℃):  25(+)
    High T(℃):  45(+)
    NaCl >6%:  6.5(neg)
    Bile reaction(%):  20(neg)
    		Aesculin:  neg Urea:  neg Gelatin:  + DNA:  + Milk:  d Meat:  vr
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg Glucose:  neg Mannose:  neg Rhamnose:  neg Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Lactose:  neg Maltose:  neg Melezitose:  neg Sucrose:  neg Trehalose:  neg Glycerol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Salicin:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  neg Galactose:  neg Mannose:  neg Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  neg Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Lactose:  neg Maltose:  neg Melezitose:  neg Raffinose:  neg Sucrose:  neg Trehalose:  neg Amygdalin:  neg Glycogen:  neg Inulin:  neg Mannitol:  neg Salicin:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Starch:  neg Arg:  + Gly:  + Ile:  + Leu:  + Lys:  + Ser:  + Thr:  + Trp:  + Tyr:  + Val:  + Lactate:  neg Pyruvate:  +
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Urease:  neg DNAse:  + Lecithinase:  p Lipase:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Formate:  minor(+) Acetate:  + Propionate:  minor(+) Butyrate:  + Lactate:  minor(+) Isobutyrate:  minor(+) Ethanol:  minor Succinate:  minor(+) Isovalerate:  + H2S:  d(+) Ammonia:  + H2:  + Indole:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    Augmentin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.03–1)
    ampicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.03->128)
    amp-sulb:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.06–2)
    penicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.03–4)
    penicillin_G:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.03->32)
    piper-taz:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.03-2)
    doripenem:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.06–8)
    ertapenem:  S(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.06–8)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.03-1)
    meropenem:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.03–4)
    cefepime:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 64, RNG: (0.03–128)
    cefoperazone:  S(2)
    cefotaxime:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.06–>128)
    cefotetan:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.06–>32)
    cefoxitin:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.25–8)
    ceftazidime:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: >128, RNG: (0.06–>128)
    azithromycin:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.5–>32)
    erythromycin:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (1–>32)
    fidaxomicin:  S(0.03)
    clarithromycin:  R(MIC50): 32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.25–>32)
    quin-dalf:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.25-4)
    roxithromycin:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (1–>32)
    telithromycin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.06–>32)
    linezolid:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 8, RNG: (1–8)
    ciprofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.5–8)
    levofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: >8, RNG: (0.25–>8)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.5–4)
    ofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.5-256)
    trovafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.015–0.125)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    dalbavancin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.015–8)
    teicoplanin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.06–8)
    vancomycin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.06-8)
    bacitracin:  R(MIC50): 16, MIC90: 128, RNG: (0.5–>128)
    metronidazole:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.03–1)
    clindamycin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.03–32)
    daptomycin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.03-2)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR CLOSTRIDIUM SUBTERMINALE
  • Goldstein2003 - In Vitro Activities of Daptomycin, Vancomycin, Quinupristin- Dalfopristin, Linezolid, and Five Other Antimicrobials against 307 Gram-Positive Anaerobic and 31 Corynebacterium Clinical Isolates.
  • Rainey2011aBergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Clostridiaceae, Genus I. Clostridium - Cluster I
  • Finegold2002 - Gastrointestinal microflora studies in late-onset autism
  • Goldstein2014 - Comparative in vitro activities of SMT19969, a new antimicrobial agent, against 162 strains from 35 less frequently recovered intestinal Clostridium species: implications for Clostridium difficile recurrence.
  • Snydman2008 - In vitro activities of doripenem, a new broad-spectrum carbapenem, against recently collected clinical anaerobic isolates, with emphasis on the Bacteroides fragilis group.
  • Goldstein2008 - In vitro activities of doripenem and six comparator drugs against 423 aerobic and anaerobic bacterial isolates from infected diabetic foot wounds.
  • Goldstein2006a - In vitro activity of ceftobiprole against aerobic and anaerobic strains isolated from diabetic foot infections.
  • Goldstein2006b - In vitro activities of dalbavancin and 12 other agents against 329 aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive isolates recovered from diabetic foot infections.
  • Citron2003 - In vitro activities of ramoplanin, teicoplanin, vancomycin, linezolid, bacitracin, and four other antimicrobials against intestinal anaerobic bacteria.
  • Citron2001 - Comparative in vitro activities of ABT-773 against 362 clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria.
  • Citron1997 - Comparative in vitro activities of trovafloxacin (CP-99,219) against 221 aerobic and 217 anaerobic bacteria isolated from patients with intra-abdominal infections.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR CLOSTRIDIUM SUBTERMINALE
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • McLaughlin2010 - The bacteriology of pouchitis: a molecular phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene cloning and sequencing.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Taylor1985 - Nine-year microflora study of an isolator-maintained immunodeficient child.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR CLOSTRIDIUM SUBTERMINALE
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
    • Added: April 08, 2021