Clostridium symbiosum

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Clostridium symbiosum is a Gram-negative, spore-forming, strictly anaerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 25 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 46.2%. Clostridium symbiosum is often a widespread coloniser of gut. (Kaneuchi1976a; Rainey2011gBergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces and clinical sources (blood, liver abscess, bowel infections). The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread. It is an opportunistic pathogen. Is a known gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Kaneuchi1976a); (Rainey2011gBergey);
    Character Response
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent hydrolysis or digestion:
  • milk;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • doesn't tolerate 6.5% salt;
  • 💧
  • Bile tolerance:
  • Doesn't tolerate 20% bile
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • grows weakly at 25℃; doesn't grow at 45℃; Grows optimally at 37℃.
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • arabinose; fructose; galactose; glucose; mannose; xylose; sucrose;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • lactose;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • fructose; galactose; glutamate; pyruvate; glutamine;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • arabinose; lactose; mannitol; mannose;
  • Active enzymes:
  • esterase C4;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Kaneuchi1976a); (Rainey2011gBergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • acetate; butyrate; lactate (minor); ethanolminor; butanolminor; Hâ‚‚S (most strains; weak); ammonia; Hâ‚‚;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • propionate; succinate; indole;
  • VP test:
  • activity is variable
  • ✗
  • Haemolysis:
  • absent
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Goldstein2003); (Goldstein2018a); (Goldstein2014); (Goldstein2013b); (Goldstein2006); (Citron2003); (Goldstein2000a);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • ampicillin; ampicillin-sulbactam; imipenem; meropenem; penicillin G; piperacillin-tazobactam;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefoxitin; ceftazidime;
  • Macrolides:
  • fidaxomicin; quinupristin-dalfopristin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • tigecycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • levofloxacin;
  • Polypep/ketides:
  • bacitracin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol; metronidazole;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin; teicoplanin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • clindamycin; daptomycin; linezolid;

  • Kaneuchi, C., Watanabe, K., Terada, A., Benno, Y., & Mitsuoka, T. (1976). Taxonomic Study of Bacteroides clostridiiformis subsp. clostridiiformis (Burri and Ankersmit) Holdeman and Moore and of Related Organisms: Proposal of Clostridium clostridiiformis (Burri and Ankersmit) comb. nov. and Clostridium symbiosum (Stevens) comb. nov. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 26(2), 195–204.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Clostridia Order:  Eubacteriales Family:  Clostridiaceae Genus:  Clostridium Gram stain:  neg O2 Relation.:  strictly anaerobic Spore:  Endospore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces and clinical sources (blood, liver abscess, bowel infections)
    DNA G+C(%):  46.2
    Opt. T:  37℃
    Lower T(℃):  25(w)
    High T(℃):  45(neg)
    NaCl >6%:  6.5(neg)
    Bile reaction(%):  20(neg)
    		Aesculin:  neg Urea:  neg Gelatin:  neg Starch:  neg Milk:  curdle(d) Meat:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  + L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  neg Sorbose:  neg Xylose:  + Cellubiose:  neg Lactose:  d(neg) Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  neg Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  neg Amygdalin:  neg Aesculin:  neg Glycogen:  neg Inulin:  neg Starch:  neg Glycerol:  neg Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  w Sorbitol:  neg Salicin:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Arabinose:  d Fructose:  + Galactose:  w(+) Mannose:  d Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  neg Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Lactose:  d Maltose:  neg Melezitose:  neg Raffinose:  neg Sucrose:  neg Trehalose:  neg Amygdalin:  neg Glycogen:  neg Inulin:  neg Mannitol:  d Salicin:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Starch:  neg Glu:  + Thr:  neg Lactate:  neg Pyruvate:  +
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  neg α-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  neg α-Mannosidase:  neg ArgDH:  neg GluDC:  neg AlanineAA:  neg GluGluAA:  neg GlyAA:  neg LeuAA:  neg LeuGlyAA:  neg PyrrolidAA:  neg AlkalineP:  neg AcidP:  neg Esterase(C4):  + EstLip(C8):  neg Lecithinase:  neg Lipase:  neg Lipase(C14):  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Acetate:  + Propionate:  neg Butyrate:  + Lactate:  minor(+) Ethanol:  minor Butanol:  minor Succinate:  neg H2S:  w(+) Ammonia:  + H2:  + Indole:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    ampicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.03->128)
    amp-sulb:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.06–1)
    penicillin_G:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.03->32)
    piper-taz:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.03-2)
    tica-clav:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.06–64)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.03-1)
    meropenem:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.06–0.5)
    cefoxitin:  S(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.25–8)
    ceftazidime:  S(MIC50): 8, MIC90: >128, RNG: (0.5–>128)
    fidaxomicin:  S(4)
    quin-dalf:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.25-4)
    linezolid:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.25–4)
    levofloxacin:  R(MIC50): 16, MIC90: >16, RNG: (0.25–>16)
    moxifloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.25–32)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    tigecycline:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.06–0.5)
    teicoplanin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.06–8)
    vancomycin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.06-8)
    bacitracin:  R(MIC50): 16, MIC90: 128, RNG: (0.5–>128)
    chloramphenicol:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.125–>32)
    metronidazole:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.03–2)
    clindamycin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.06–8)
    daptomycin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.03-2)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR CLOSTRIDIUM SYMBIOSUM
  • Goldstein2003 - In Vitro Activities of Daptomycin, Vancomycin, Quinupristin- Dalfopristin, Linezolid, and Five Other Antimicrobials against 307 Gram-Positive Anaerobic and 31 Corynebacterium Clinical Isolates.
  • Kaneuchi1976a - Taxonomic Study of Bacteroides clostridiiformis subsp. clostridiiformis (Burri and Ankersmit) Holdeman and Moore and of Related Organisms: Proposal of Clostridium clostridiiformis (Burri and Ankersmit) comb. nov. and Clostridium symbiosum (Stevens) comb. nov.
  • Rainey2011gBergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Clostridiaceae, Genus I. Clostridium - Cluster XIVa
  • Feng2015 - Gut microbiome development along the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence
  • Chen2020 - Structural and Functional Characterization of the Gut Microbiota in Elderly Women With Migraine
  • DeAngelis2013 - Fecal microbiota and metabolome of children with autism and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified
  • Finegold2002 - Gastrointestinal microflora studies in late-onset autism
  • Hayden2020 - Fecal dysbiosis in infants with cystic fibrosis is associated with early linear growth failure
  • Huang2019 - Analysis of microbiota in elderly patients with Acute Cerebral Infarction
  • LeChatelier2013 - Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers
  • Qin2012 - Metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes
  • RajilicStojanovic2011 - Global and deep molecular analysis of microbiota signatures in fecal samples from patients with irritable bowel syndrome
  • Ventura2019 - Gut microbiome of treatment-naïve MS patients of different ethnicities early in disease course
  • Wang2019b - Alterations in the human gut microbiome associated with Helicobacter pylori infection
  • Yang2020a - Establishing high-accuracy biomarkers for colorectal cancer by comparing fecal microbiomes in patients with healthy families
  • Yu2015 - Metagenomic analysis of faecal microbiome as a tool towards targeted non-invasive biomarkers for colorectal cancer
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • Zhu2020 - Metagenome-wide association of gut microbiome features for schizophrenia
  • Goldstein2018a - Comparative In Vitro Activities of Relebactam, Imipenem, the Combination of the Two, and Six Comparator Antimicrobial Agents against 432 Strains of Anaerobic Organisms, Including Imipenem-Resistant Strains.
  • Goldstein2014 - Comparative in vitro activities of SMT19969, a new antimicrobial agent, against 162 strains from 35 less frequently recovered intestinal Clostridium species: implications for Clostridium difficile recurrence.
  • Goldstein2013b - Comparative in vitro activities of GSK2251052, a novel boron-containing leucyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor, against 916 anaerobic organisms.
  • Goldstein2006 - In vitro activity of moxifloxacin against 923 anaerobes isolated from human intra-abdominal infections.
  • Citron2003 - In vitro activities of ramoplanin, teicoplanin, vancomycin, linezolid, bacitracin, and four other antimicrobials against intestinal anaerobic bacteria.
  • Goldstein2000a - Comparative In vitro activities of ertapenem (MK-0826) against 1,001 anaerobes isolated from human intra-abdominal infections.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR CLOSTRIDIUM SYMBIOSUM
  • Almeida2019 - A new genomic blueprint of the human gut microbiota.
  • Aujoulat2014 - Temporal dynamics of the very premature infant gut dominant microbiota.
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Chen2020 - Structural and Functional Characterization of the Gut Microbiota in Elderly Women With Migraine
  • Chen2020a - Featured Gut Microbiomes Associated With the Progression of Chronic Hepatitis B Disease
  • Dubinkina2017 - Links of gut microbiota composition with alcohol dependence syndrome and alcoholic liver disease
  • Hu2019 - The Gut Microbiome Signatures Discriminate Healthy From Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients
  • Jie2017 - The gut microbiome in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
  • Karlsson2013 - Gut metagenome in European women with normal, impaired and diabetic glucose control
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • LeChatelier2013 - Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers
  • Nielsen2014 - MetaHIT Consortium. Identification and assembly of genomes and genetic elements in complex metagenomic samples without using reference genomes.
  • Pfleiderer2013 - Culturomics identified 11 new bacterial species from a single anorexia nervosa stool sample.
  • Qin2012 - Metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Rothschild2018 - Environment dominates over host genetics in shaping human gut microbiota.
  • Salonen2014 - Impact of diet and individual variation on intestinal microbiota composition and fermentation products in obese men.
  • Tyakht2013 - Human gut microbiota community structures in urban and rural populations in Russia.
  • Urban2020 - Altered Fecal Microbiome Years after Traumatic Brain Injury
  • Walker2011 - High-throughput clone library analysis of the mucosa-associated microbiota reveals dysbiosis and differences between inflamed and non-inflamed regions of the intestine in inflammatory bowel disease.
  • Wang2018 - A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in asthma in UK adults
  • Wang2018a - Morphine induces changes in the gut microbiome and metabolome in a morphine dependence model.
  • Wang2020a - Aberrant gut microbiota alters host metabolome and impacts renal failure in humans and rodents
  • Yang2020 - Species-Level Analysis of Human Gut Microbiota With Metataxonomics.
  • Yang2020a - Establishing high-accuracy biomarkers for colorectal cancer by comparing fecal microbiomes in patients with healthy families
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • Zou2019 - 1,520 reference genomes from cultivated human gut bacteria enable functional microbiome analyses.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR CLOSTRIDIUM SYMBIOSUM
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
    • Added: April 08, 2021