Clostridium tertium

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Clostridium tertium is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, anaerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 15 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 24-26%. Clostridium tertium is a common gut coloniser. (Hall1922; Rainey2011aBergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces and appendix, clinical sources (blood, bowel infections, brain abscess). The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread (notes: human and animal pathogen). It is an opportunistic pathogen. Is a known gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Hall1922); (Rainey2011aBergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • aesculin; chitin; milk;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent hydrolysis or digestion:
  • starch;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • doesn't tolerate 6.5% salt;
  • 💧
  • Bile tolerance:
  • Doesn't tolerate 20% bile
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • grows at 50℃; Grows optimally at 37℃.
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • fructose; galactose; glucose; mannose; ribose; D-tagatose; amygdalin; glycogen; starch; cellubiose; gentiobiose; lactose; maltose; sucrose; trehalose; mannitol; N-Ac glucosamine; salicin;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • cellubiose; fructose; galactose; glycogen; lactose; maltose; mannitol; mannose; melibiose; ribose; salicin; starch; sucrose;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • amygdalin; melezitose; trehalose; xylose;
  • Active enzymes:
  • N-Ac β-glucosaminidase; DNase; α-galactosidase; β-galactosidase; β-glucosidase; β-mannosidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Rainey2011aBergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • formate (minor); acetate; butyrate; lactate; ethanolminor; succinate (minor); H₂;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • H₂S; indole;
  • ✗
  • VP test:
  • not active
  • Haemolysis:
  • variable
  • ±
  • Nitrate:
  • strain dependent
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Goldstein2003); (Rainey2011aBergey); (Goldstein2014); (Goldstein2013); (Snydman2008); (Goldstein2006); (Goldstein2006c); (Citron2003); (Goldstein2000a);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin; amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ampicillin; ampicillin-sulbactam; doripenem; ertapenem; imipenem; meropenem; penicillin G; piperacillin-tazobactam;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefoxitin;
  • cefotiam; cefpodoxime;
  • Macrolides:
  • fidaxomicin; quinupristin-dalfopristin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • doxycycline; tigecycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • clinafloxacin; garenoxacin; gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; moxifloxacin; trovafloxacin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol; metronidazole;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin; teicoplanin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • daptomycin;

  • Benno, Y., Endo, K., Mizutani, T., Namba, Y., Komori, T., & Mitsuoka, T. (1989). Comparison of fecal microflora of elderly persons in rural and urban areas of Japan. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 55(5), 1100–1105.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Clostridia Order:  Eubacteriales Family:  Clostridiaceae Genus:  Clostridium Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  anaerobic Spore:  Endospore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces and appendix, clinical sources (blood, bowel infections, brain abscess)
    DNA G+C(%):  24-26
    Opt. T:  37℃
    High T(℃):  50(+)
    NaCl >6%:  6.5(neg)
    Bile reaction(%):  20(neg)
    		Aesculin:  + Urea:  neg Gelatin:  neg Starch:  d Chitin:  + Hippurate:  neg Milk:  + Meat:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg D-Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Fucose:  neg D-Fucose:  neg Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  + Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  + Xylose:  neg L-Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  + Gentiobiose:  + Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + Turanose:  neg Amygdalin:  + Dextrin:  neg Glycogen:  + Inulin:  neg Starch:  + Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  neg Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  + Sorbitol:  neg Xylitol:  neg Arbutin:  neg Gluconate:  neg 2-Ketogluconate:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  neg Me-α-D-Glc:  neg Me-α-D-Mann:  neg Me-Xyloside:  neg NAc-α-GA:  + Salicin:  +
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Galactose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  w(+) Xylose:  d Cellubiose:  + Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Melezitose:  d Melibiose:  + Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  d Amygdalin:  d Glycogen:  w(+) Inulin:  neg Mannitol:  w(+) Salicin:  + Sorbitol:  neg Starch:  w(+) Thr:  neg Lactate:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  neg Catalase:  neg Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  + α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  + β-Galactosidase:  + β-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucuronidase:  neg α-Mannosidase:  neg β-Mannosidase:  + ArgDH:  neg GluDC:  neg LysDC:  neg OrnDC:  neg AlanineAA:  neg AlaPheProAA:  neg GluGluAA:  neg GlyAA:  neg LeuAA:  neg LeuGlyAA:  neg PyrrolidAA:  vr AcidP:  neg DNAse:  + Esterase(C4):  neg EstLip(C8):  neg Lecithinase:  neg Lipase:  neg Lipase(C14):  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Formate:  minor(+) Acetate:  + Butyrate:  + Lactate:  + Ethanol:  minor Succinate:  minor(+) H2S:  neg H2:  + Indole:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.125-0.5)
    Augmentin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.125-2)
    ampicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.06-2)
    amp-sulb:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.25–>128)
    penicillin_G:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.06-2)
    piper-taz:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.5–>256)
    tica-clav:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.06–64)
    doripenem:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.06–8)
    ertapenem:  S(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.06–8)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.125-0.5)
    meropenem:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.06–8)
    cefoperazone:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 128, RNG: (0.25-128)
    cefotetan:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.25-4)
    cefotiam:  R(MIC50): 16, MIC90: 128, RNG: (1-128)
    cefoxitin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (1–2)
    cefpodoxime:  R(MIC50): 64, MIC90: >128, RNG: (0.125->128)
    moxalactam:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.5-8)
    fidaxomicin:  S(0.03)
    quin-dalf:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.25-1)
    linezolid:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 8, RNG: (1-8)
    ciprofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.5-8)
    clinafloxacin:  S(0.06/0.25)
    garenoxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.25-2)
    gatifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.25-2)
    levofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.5-4)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.25-2)
    trovafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.25-1)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.03–0.125)
    tigecycline:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.06)
    teicoplanin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.06-4)
    vancomycin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.5-2)
    bacitracin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 128, RNG: (1–128)
    chloramphenicol:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.125–>32)
    metronidazole:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.25-2)
    clindamycin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.03-8)
    daptomycin:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (16->32)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR CLOSTRIDIUM TERTIUM
  • Goldstein2003 - In Vitro Activities of Daptomycin, Vancomycin, Quinupristin- Dalfopristin, Linezolid, and Five Other Antimicrobials against 307 Gram-Positive Anaerobic and 31 Corynebacterium Clinical Isolates.
  • Hall1922 - Differentiation and identification of the sporulating anaerobes.
  • Rainey2011aBergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Clostridiaceae, Genus I. Clostridium - Cluster I
  • Ridlon2006 - Bile salt biotransformations by human intestinal bacteria
  • Finegold2002 - Gastrointestinal microflora studies in late-onset autism
  • Gryp2020 - Isolation and Quantification of Uremic Toxin Precursor-Generating Gut Bacteria in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients
  • Luna2016 - Distinct Microbiome-Neuroimmune Signatures Correlate With Functional Abdominal Pain in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder.
  • Goldstein2014 - Comparative in vitro activities of SMT19969, a new antimicrobial agent, against 162 strains from 35 less frequently recovered intestinal Clostridium species: implications for Clostridium difficile recurrence.
  • Goldstein2013 - In vitro activity of Biapenem plus RPX7009, a carbapenem combined with a serine β-lactamase inhibitor, against anaerobic bacteria.
  • Snydman2008 - In vitro activities of doripenem, a new broad-spectrum carbapenem, against recently collected clinical anaerobic isolates, with emphasis on the Bacteroides fragilis group.
  • Goldstein2006 - In vitro activity of moxifloxacin against 923 anaerobes isolated from human intra-abdominal infections.
  • Goldstein2006c - Comparative in vitro susceptibilities of 396 unusual anaerobic strains to tigecycline and eight other antimicrobial agents.
  • Citron2003 - In vitro activities of ramoplanin, teicoplanin, vancomycin, linezolid, bacitracin, and four other antimicrobials against intestinal anaerobic bacteria.
  • Goldstein2000a - Comparative In vitro activities of ertapenem (MK-0826) against 1,001 anaerobes isolated from human intra-abdominal infections.
  • Raimondi2021 - Identification of mucin degraders of the human gut microbiota.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR CLOSTRIDIUM TERTIUM
  • Aujoulat2014 - Temporal dynamics of the very premature infant gut dominant microbiota.
  • Benno1984 - The intestinal microflora of infants: composition of fecal flora in breast-fed and bottle-fed infants.
  • Benno1986 - Comparison of the fecal microflora in rural Japanese and urban Canadians.
  • Benno1989 - Comparison of fecal microflora of elderly persons in rural and urban areas of Japan.
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Finegold1977 - Fecal microbial flora in Seventh Day Adventist populations and control subjects.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • Minerbi2019 - Altered microbiome composition in individuals with fibromyalgia
  • Pfleiderer2013 - Culturomics identified 11 new bacterial species from a single anorexia nervosa stool sample.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Taylor1985 - Nine-year microflora study of an isolator-maintained immunodeficient child.
  • Walker2011 - High-throughput clone library analysis of the mucosa-associated microbiota reveals dysbiosis and differences between inflamed and non-inflamed regions of the intestine in inflammatory bowel disease.
  • Woodmansey2004 - Comparison of compositions and metabolic activities of fecal microbiotas in young adults and in antibiotic-treated and non-antibiotic-treated elderly subjects.
  • Yang2020 - Species-Level Analysis of Human Gut Microbiota With Metataxonomics.
  • Yang2020a - Establishing high-accuracy biomarkers for colorectal cancer by comparing fecal microbiomes in patients with healthy families
  • Zou2019 - 1,520 reference genomes from cultivated human gut bacteria enable functional microbiome analyses.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR CLOSTRIDIUM TERTIUM
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
  • CCUG - Culture Collection University of Gothenburg - Entire Collection
    • Added: April 08, 2021