Cronobacter sakazakii

(aka Enterobacter sakazakii)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Cronobacter sakazakii, (aka Enterobacter sakazakii), is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 8 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 56.7-57%. Cronobacter sakazakii is probably a common, although minor, coloniser of the gut. (Farmer1985; Iversen2007; Iversen2008; Grimont2005Bergey; Farmer1980)



  • This organism has been recovered from clinical sources (cerebrospinal fluid, sputum - CCUG) and human faeces. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread. It is an opportunistic pathogen. Is a known gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Farmer1985); (Iversen2007); (Iversen2008); (Grimont2005Bergey); (Farmer1980);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • aesculin; arginine;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • tolerates 7% salt;
  • pH
  • Acidity tolerance:
  • tolerates pH 5; tolerates pH 10;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • grows at 6℃; grows at 45℃;
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • L-arabinose; glucose; mannose; rhamnose; xylose; amygdalin; cellubiose; lactose; maltose; melibiose; raffinose; sucrose; trehalose; inositol; mannitol; α-methyl glucoside; salicin;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • N-acetylglucosamine; L-arabinose; arbutin; cellubiose; aesculin; fructose; galactose; gluconate; glucosamine; gentiobiose; glucose; lactose; maltose; maltotriose; mannitol; mannose; melibiose; methyl-α-glucoside; ribose; raffinose; sucrose; trehalose; D-turanose; xylose; alanine; D-alanine; γ-aminobutyrate; aspartate; glutamate; proline; serine; acetate; aconitate; citrate; fumarate; DL-glycerate; 2-ketogluconate; DL-lactate; L-malate; pyruvate; succinate; methyl-α-galactoside; methyl-β-galactoside; maltitol; DL-glycerol phosphate; lactulose; glutamine; putrescine; D-glucuronate;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • rhamnose; salicin; formate; psicose; palatinose; L-asparagine; adenosine; thymidine; uridine; inosine;
  • Active enzymes:
  • arginine dihydrolase; arginine decarboxylase; N-Ac β-glucosaminidase; catalase; α-galactosidase; β-galactosidase; α-glucosidase; β-glucosidase; lipase; ornithine decarboxylase; xylosidase;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent active enzymes:
  • phenylalanine deaminase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Farmer1985); (Iversen2007); (Iversen2008); (Grimont2005Bergey); (Farmer1980);
    Character Response
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • H₂S; indole;
  • ✗
  • Methyl red test:
  • not active
  • ✓
  • VP test:
  • active
  • ✓
  • ONPG test:
  • active
  • KCN growth:
  • growth observed
  • ✓
  • Nitrate:
  • reduced
  • ✓
  • NO3➔NO2:
  • reduced
  • Pigments:
  • yellow
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Grimont2005Bergey); (Farmer1980); (Sanders1997);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • ampicillin; imipenem; piperacillin;
  • penicillin;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefamandole; cefotaxime;
  • cephalothin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • tetracycline; tigecycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • ciprofloxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • amikacin; gentamicin; kanamycin; streptomycin; tobramycin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • colistin;

  • Lagier, J.-C., Armougom, F., Million, M., Hugon, P., Pagnier, I., Robert, C., Bittar, F., Fournous, G., Gimenez, G., Maraninchi, M., Trape, J.-F., Koonin, E. V., La Scola, B., & Raoult, D. (2012). Microbial culturomics: paradigm shift in the human gut microbiome study. Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 18(12), 1185–1193.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Proteobacteria Class:  Gammaproteobacteria Order:  Enterobacterales Family:  Enterobacteriaceae Genus:  Cronobacter Alt. name:  Enterobacter sakazakii Gram stain:  neg O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod Pigment:  yellow
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  clinical sources (cerebrospinal fluid, sputum - CCUG) and human faeces
    DNA G+C(%):  56.7-57
    Low T(℃):  6(+)
    High T(℃):  45(+)
    NaCl >6%:  7(+)
    pH 4.2-5.9:  5(+)
    pH >8:  10(+)
    		Aesculin:  + Urea:  neg Gelatin:  neg Arginine:  + Tyrosine:  neg Pectin:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    L-Arabinose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  + Xylose:  + Cellubiose:  + Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Melibiose:  + Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + Amygdalin:  + Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Inositol:  + Mannitol:  + Sorbitol:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  neg Me-α-D-Glc:  + Salicin:  +
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    L-Arabinose:  + Fructose:  + Fucose:  neg Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  d Ribose:  + Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  + Cellubiose:  + Gentiobiose:  + Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Maltotriose:  + Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  + Raffinose:  + Sucrose:  + D-Turanose:  + Trehalose:  + N_Acetyl_glucosamine:  + Adonitol:  neg Amygdalin:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Arbutin:  + Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Aesculin:  + Ethanolamine:  neg Gluconate:  + Glucosamine:  + Glycerol:  vr Inositol:  vr Inulin:  neg Mannitol:  + Me-α-D-Glc:  + Salicin:  d Sorbitol:  neg Xylitol:  neg Ala:  + D-Ala:  + 4-Aminobutyrate:  + 5-Aminovalerate:  neg Asp:  + Betaine:  neg Glu:  + Histamine:  neg His:  neg Ile:  neg Leu:  neg Lys:  neg Met:  neg Phe:  neg Pro:  + Ser:  + Thr:  neg Trigonelline:  neg Tryptamine:  neg Trp:  neg Tyr:  neg Val:  neg Acetate:  + Aconitate:  cis(+) trans(neg) Benzoate:  neg Caprate:  neg Caprylate:  neg Citrate:  + Formate:  d Fumarate:  + Glutarate:  neg DL-Glycerate:  + 3-Hydroxybutyrate:  neg 3-Hydroxybenzoate:  neg 4-Hydroxybenzoate:  neg Itaconate:  neg 2-Ketogluconate:  + 5-Ketogluconate:  neg DL-Lactate:  + L-Malate:  + Malonate:  neg Mucate:  neg Phenylacetate:  neg Phenylpropionate:  neg Propionate:  neg Pyruvate:  + Quinate:  neg Saccharate:  neg Succinate:  + D-Tartrate:  neg L-Tartrate:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  neg Catalase:  + Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  + α-Galactosidase:  + β-Galactosidase:  + α-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucuronidase:  neg Xylosidase:  + ArgDH:  + ArgDC:  + LysDC:  neg OrnDC:  + Phe deaminase:  d DNAse:  neg Lipase:  +
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		H2S:  neg Indole:  neg Pigment:  yellow
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    ampicillin:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (2-4)
    carbenicil:  Var(MIC50): <8), MIC90: Var(<8, RNG: (8-16)
    penicillin:  R(10U)
    piperacillin:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 2,
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 0.25,
    cefamandole:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4,
    cefotaxime:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 0.12,
    cefoxitin:  Var(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 16,
    cephalothin:  R(MIC50): 64, MIC90: 128, RNG: (32-64)
    amikacin:  S(1)
    gentamicin:  SensRNG: (0.25-0.5)
    kanamycin:  SensRNG: (1-2)
    streptomycin:  S(10)
    tobramycin:  SensRNG: (0.25-0.5)
    ciprofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.06,
    nalidixic-acid:  RNG: (4-8)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    tetracycline:  SensRNG: (1-4)
    tigecycline:  SensRNG: (0.06-8)
    chloramphenicol:  SensRNG: (4-8)
    nitrofurantoin:  RNG: (8-32)
    sulfadiazine:  Var(MIC50): 250), MIC90: Var(250
    SXT:  S(0.25)
    colistin:  S(10,vr)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR CRONOBACTER SAKAZAKII
  • Farmer1985 - Biochemical identification of new species and biogroups of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from clinical specimens.
  • Iversen2007 - The taxonomy of Enterobacter sakazakii: proposal of a new genus Cronobacter gen. nov. and descriptions of Cronobacter sakazakii comb. nov. Cronobacter sakazakii subsp. sakazakii, comb. nov., Cronobacter sakazakii subsp. malonaticus subsp. nov., Cronobacter turicensis sp. nov., Cronobacter muytjensii sp. nov., Cronobacter dublinensis sp. nov. and Cronobacter genomospecies 1.
  • Iversen2008 - Cronobacter gen. nov., a new genus to accommodate the biogroups of Enterobacter sakazakii, and proposal of Cronobacter sakazakii gen. nov., comb. nov., Cronobacter malonaticus sp. nov., Cronobacter turicensis sp. nov., Cronobacter muytjensii sp. nov., Cronobacter dublinensis sp. nov., Cronobacter genomospecies 1, and of three subspecies, Cronobacter dublinensis subsp. dublinensis subsp. nov., Cronobacter dublinensis subsp. lausannensis subsp. nov. and Cronobacter dublinensis subsp. lactaridi subsp. nov.
  • Grimont2005Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 2, The Gammaproteobacteria Part B. Family Enterobacteriaceae, Genus XII. Enterobacter
  • Farmer1980 - Enterobacter sakazakii: A New Species of Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Clinical Specimens.
  • Sanders1997 - Enterobacter spp.: pathogens poised to flourish at the turn of the century.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR CRONOBACTER SAKAZAKII
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Hu2019 - The Gut Microbiome Signatures Discriminate Healthy From Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • McLaughlin2010 - The bacteriology of pouchitis: a molecular phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene cloning and sequencing.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Yang2020 - Species-Level Analysis of Human Gut Microbiota With Metataxonomics.
  • Yang2020a - Establishing high-accuracy biomarkers for colorectal cancer by comparing fecal microbiomes in patients with healthy families
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
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    • Added: April 08, 2021