Enterobacter ludwigii

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Enterobacter ludwigii is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 5 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. Enterobacter ludwigii is probably a rare gut coloniser. (Hoffmann2005b)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces (Alkhalil2017 - ulcerative colitis patient) and blood. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread. Could be a possible pathogen in humans, but unknown at this stage. Is a known gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Hoffmann2005b);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • starch;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent hydrolysis or digestion:
  • aesculin;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • grows at 15℃; grows at 42℃; Grows optimally at 36℃.
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • L-arabinose; melibiose; inositol; sorbitol; α-methyl glucoside;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • fucose;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • N-acetylglucosamine; L-arabinose; cellubiose; fructose; galactose; gluconate; glucosamine; gentiobiose; glucose; glycerol; inositol; D-lyxose; maltose; maltotriose; mannitol; mannose; melibiose; methyl-α-glucoside; rhamnose; ribose; raffinose; sorbitol; sucrose; trehalose; xylose; alanine; D-alanine; aspartate; glutamate; proline; serine; aconitate; citrate; fumarate; 2-ketogluconate; DL-lactate; L-malate; mucate; phenylacetate; saccharate; succinate; methyl-β-glucoside; methyl-α-galactoside; methyl-β-galactoside; maltitol; palatinose; glutamine; D-glucuronate;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • fucose; 3-hydroxybutyrate;
  • Active enzymes:
  • arginine dihydrolase; catalase; β-galactosidase; ornithine decarboxylase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Hoffmann2005b);
    Character Response
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • H₂S; indole;
  • ✓
  • VP test:
  • active
  • KCN growth:
  • inhibited
  • ✗
  • Pigments:
  • not produced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Hoffmann2005b);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • meropenem; piperacillin; piperacillin-tazobactam;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefepime; cefotaxime; cefoxitin; ceftazidime;
  • Quinolines:
  • ciprofloxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • gentamicin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • metronidazole; sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole;

  • Hoffmann, H., Stindl, S., Stumpf, A., Mehlen, A., Monget, D., Heesemann, J., Schleifer, K. H., & Roggenkamp, A. (2005). Description of Enterobacter ludwigii sp. nov., a novel Enterobacter species of clinical relevance. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 28(3), 206–212.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Proteobacteria Class:  Gammaproteobacteria Order:  Enterobacterales Family:  Enterobacteriaceae Genus:  Enterobacter Gram stain:  neg O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod Pigment:  neg
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces (Alkhalil2017 - ulcerative colitis patient) and blood
    Opt. T:  36℃
    Low T(℃):  15(+)
    High T(℃):  42(+)
    		Aesculin:  d(neg) Gelatin:  neg Starch:  + DNA:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    L-Arabinose:  + Fucose:  d D-Fucose:  neg Melibiose:  + D-Arabitol:  neg Inositol:  + Sorbitol:  + Me-α-D-Glc:  +
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    L-Arabinose:  + Fructose:  + Fucose:  d Galactose:  + Glucose:  + D-Lyxose:  d(+) Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  + Ribose:  + Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  + Cellubiose:  + Gentiobiose:  + Lactose:  w Maltose:  + Maltotriose:  + Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  + Raffinose:  + Sucrose:  + D-Turanose:  neg Trehalose:  + N_Acetyl_glucosamine:  + Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Ethanolamine:  neg Gluconate:  + Glucosamine:  + Glycerol:  + Inositol:  + Mannitol:  + Me-α-D-Glc:  + Sorbitol:  + Ala:  + D-Ala:  + 4-Aminobutyrate:  neg 5-Aminovalerate:  neg Asp:  + Betaine:  neg Glu:  + Histamine:  neg His:  neg Pro:  + Ser:  + Trigonelline:  neg Tryptamine:  neg Trp:  neg Tyr:  neg Aconitate:  + Benzoate:  neg Caprate:  neg Caprylate:  neg Citrate:  + Fumarate:  + Glutarate:  neg DL-Glycerate:  neg 3-Hydroxybutyrate:  d 3-Hydroxybenzoate:  neg 4-Hydroxybenzoate:  neg Itaconate:  neg 2-Ketogluconate:  + 5-Ketogluconate:  neg DL-Lactate:  + L-Malate:  + Malonate:  neg Mucate:  + Phenylacetate:  + Phenylpropionate:  neg Propionate:  neg Quinate:  neg Saccharate:  + Succinate:  + D-Tartrate:  neg L-Tartrate:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  neg Catalase:  + Urease:  neg β-Galactosidase:  + ArgDH:  + LysDC:  neg OrnDC:  + DNAse:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		H2S:  neg Indole:  neg Pigment:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    piperacillin:  S(vr)
    piper-taz:  S(vr)
    meropenem:  Sens
    cefepime:  S(vr)
    cefotaxime:  S(vr)
    cefoxitin:  S(vr)
    ceftazidime:  S(vr)
    gentamicin:  Sens
    ciprofloxacin:  Sens
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    metronidazole:  Sens
    sulfamethoxazole:  Sens
    SXT:  Sens

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR ENTEROBACTER LUDWIGII
  • Hoffmann2005b - Description of Enterobacter ludwigii sp. nov., a novel Enterobacter species of clinical relevance.
  • Zhang2019 - Relationship between intestinal microbial dysbiosis and primary liver cancer
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR ENTEROBACTER LUDWIGII
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • PerezBrocal2015 - Metagenomic Analysis of Crohn's Disease Patients Identifies Changes in the Virome and Microbiome Related to Disease Status and Therapy, and Detects Potential Interactions and Biomarkers
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Zou2019 - 1,520 reference genomes from cultivated human gut bacteria enable functional microbiome analyses.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR ENTEROBACTER LUDWIGII
  • CCUG - Culture Collection University of Gothenburg - Entire Collection
  • Alkhalil2017 - Bacterial involvements in ulcerative colitis: molecular and microbiological studies
    • Added: April 08, 2021