Enterocloster bolteae

(aka Clostridium bolteae)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Enterocloster bolteae, (aka Clostridium bolteae), is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, strictly anaerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 26 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 50.5%. Enterocloster bolteae is often a widespread coloniser of gut. (Song2003; Rainey2011gBergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces (Alkhalil2017) and clinical sources (abscess, blood). The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 1, i.e., low risk of infection and spread (notes: opportunistic in immunocompromised patients). It is an opportunistic pathogen. Is a known gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Song2003); (Rainey2011gBergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • milk; pectin; starch;
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • arabinose; fructose; glucose; mannose; xylose; maltose; melezitose; sucrose; trehalose; glycerol; sorbitol;
  • Active enzymes:
  • acid phosphatase; α-galactosidase; β-galactosidase; α-glucosidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Song2003); (Rainey2011gBergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • acetate (major); lactate (major);
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • indole;
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Goldstein2018a); (Goldstein2014); (Goldstein2013b); (Tyrrell2012); (Goldstein2006c); (Song2003);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • ampicillin; cloxacillin; dicloxacillin; ertapenem; imipenem; meropenem; penicillin G; piperacillin-tazobactam;
  • amoxicillin; azlocillin; aztreonam; bacampicillin; benzylpenicillin; oxacillin; penicillin; piperacillin; ticarcillin;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefepime; cefmetazole; cefoperazone; cefotetan; moxalactam;
  • cefaclor; cefadroxil; cefazolin; cefdinir; cefixime; cefotaxime; cefotiam; cefoxitin; ceftazidime; cefuroxime; cephalothin;
  • Macrolides:
  • josamycin; roxithromycin; spiramycin;
  • azithromycin; clarithromycin; erythromycin; fidaxomicin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • chlortetracycline; meclocycline; methacycline; minocycline; oxytetracycline; tetracycline; tigecycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • clinafloxacin; enoxacin; gatifloxacin; pefloxacin; sarafloxacin; sparfloxacin;
  • clavulanic-acid; levofloxacin; moxifloxacin; nalidixic-acid; norfloxacin; ofloxacin; pipemidic-acid;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • kanamycin;
  • amikacin; dihydrostreptomycin; framycetin; gentamicin; neomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; streptomycin; tobramycin;
  • Polypep/ketides:
  • bacitracin; rifabutin; rifampicin; rifapentine;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol; fusidic-acid; metronidazole; nitrofurantoin; trimethoprim; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole;
  • fosfomycin; isoniazid; sulfadiazine; sulfadimethoxine; sulfamethoxazole; sulfanilamide;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • clindamycin; lincomycin; linezolid;

  • N/A

  • Clostridium is a bacterial genus that contains several of the most toxigenic species known. Species of the Clostridium genus produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as end products of metabolism, such as butyrate, propionate and acetate, that have the ability to alter the motility and contraction rate of the GI tract, for example through reduction of the amplitude of antral contractions as well as increase in contraction frequency. Therefore, changes in the abundance of Clostridium spp. in the GI microbiota could potentially affect the GI function of an individual. Clostridium bolteae is a bacterium that has been shown to be overabundant in the intestinal tract of autistic children suffering from gastric intestinal ailments, and as such is an organism that could potentially aggravate gastrointestinal symptoms. [PMID: 23602537]

  • GutFeeling KnowledgeBase COMMENTS [Website]

    C. bolteae is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, rod-shaped, spore-forming bacterium whose growth requires an anaerobic environment with an optimal temperature of 37°C such as that found in the human gut. [PMID: 23602537, PMID: 12747414] The bacterium strains used carbohydrate as fermentable substrates, producing acetic acid and lactic acid as the major products of glucose metabolism. [PMID: 12747414]

  • Song, Yuli, Liu, C., Molitoris, D. R., Tomzynski, T. J., Lawson, P. A., Collins, M. D., & Finegold, S. M. (2003). Clostridium bolteae sp. nov., isolated from human sources. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 26(1), 84–89.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Clostridia Order:  Eubacteriales Family:  Clostridiaceae Genus:  Enterocloster Alt. name:  Clostridium bolteae Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  strictly anaerobic Spore:  Endospore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces (Alkhalil2017) and clinical sources (abscess, blood)
    DNA G+C(%):  50.5
    		Aesculin:  neg Urea:  neg Gelatin:  neg Starch:  + Milk:  + Meat:  neg Pectin:  +
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  + Fructose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Ribose:  neg Xylose:  + Lactose:  neg Maltose:  + Melezitose:  + Melibiose:  neg Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + Inulin:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  + Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  + Salicin:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  + β-Galactosidase:  + α-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  neg α-Mannosidase:  neg ArgDH:  vr GluDC:  neg AlanineAA:  neg GluGluAA:  neg GlyAA:  neg LeuAA:  neg LeuGlyAA:  neg PyrrolidAA:  neg AlkalineP:  w AcidP:  + Esterase(C4):  vr EstLip(C8):  vr Lecithinase:  neg Lipase:  neg Lipase(C14):  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Acetate:  Major(+) Lactate:  Major(+) Indole:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  R(78)
    Augmentin:  Var(MIC50): 9.8), MIC90: Var(9.8
    ampicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.25–>8)
    amp-sulb:  Var(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.5-16)
    azlocillin:  Res
    aztreonam:  Res
    bacampicillin:  Res
    benzyl-pen:  Res
    cloxacillin:  Sens
    dicloxacillin:  Sens
    oxacillin:  R(96)
    penicillin:  R(MIC50): >4, MIC90: >4, RNG: (0.5->4)
    penicillin_G:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.25–>32)
    piperacillin:  R(MIC50): 256), MIC90: R(256, RNG: (4-256)
    piper-taz:  S(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.5–64)
    ticarcillin:  R(MIC50): 256), MIC90: R(256, RNG: (8-256)
    ertapenem:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.06-1)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.25–2)
    meropenem:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.25–4)
    cefaclor:  Res
    cefadroxil:  Res
    cefazolin:  Res
    cefdinir:  Res
    cefepime:  Sens
    cefixime:  Res
    cefmetazole:  Sens
    cefoperazone:  Sens
    cefotaxime:  R(32)
    cefotetan:  Sens
    cefotiam:  Res
    cefoxitin:  R(MIC50): 16, MIC90: 16, RNG: (4-32)
    ceftazidime:  R(MIC50): 32, MIC90: >128, RNG: (16–>128)
    cefuroxime:  Res
    cephalothin:  Res
    moxalactam:  Sens
    amikacin:  R(>256)
    dihydrostrept:  Res
    framycetin:  Res
    gentamicin:  Res
    kanamycin:  R, S(1000)
    neomycin:  Res
    sisomicin:  Res
    spectinomycin:  Res
    streptomycin:  Res
    tobramycin:  R(>1024)
    azithromycin:  R(256)
    erythromycin:  R(256)
    fidaxomicin:  R(128)
    clarithromycin:  R(256)
    roxithromycin:  Sens
    spiramycin:  S(0.25)
    josamycin:  Sens
    linezolid:  S(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 4, RNG: (2–>8)
    ciprofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 16), MIC90: Var(16
    clavulanate:  Res
    clinafloxacin:  Sens
    enoxacin:  Sens
    gatifloxacin:  S(1.73)
    levofloxacin:  R(MIC50): >16), MIC90: R(>16, RNG: (2->16)
    moxifloxacin:  R(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.5-8)
    nalidixic-acid:  Res
    norfloxacin:  R(91)
    ofloxacin:  R(32)
    pefloxacin:  Sens
    pipemidic_acid:  Res
    sarafloxacin:  Sens
    sparfloxacin:  Sens
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 16, RNG: (2–16)
    chlortetracycline:  Sens
    meclocycline:  Sens
    methacycline:  Sens
    minocycline:  Sens
    oxytetracycline:  Sens
    tetracycline:  Sens
    tigecycline:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.06–0.125)
    teicoplanin:  Var(MIC50): 9.8), MIC90: Var(9.8
    vancomycin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.5–1.0)
    bacitracin:  SensRNG: (0.5-1)
    rifabutin:  Sens
    rifampicin:  Sens
    rifapentine:  Sens
    chloramphenicol:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 2, RNG: (1-8)
    fosfomycin:  R(362)
    isoniazid:  Res
    metronidazole:  S(MIC50): 0.125), MIC90: S(0.125, RNG: (0.06-1)
    nitrofurantoin:  Sens
    sulfadiazine:  Res
    sulfadimethoxine:  Res
    sulfamethoxazole:  R(1024)
    sulfanilamide:  Res
    trimethoprim:  S(2.0)
    SXT:  S(1.5)
    clindamycin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.06-4)
    lincomycin:  Sens
    daptomycin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.125–8)
    colistin:  Var(MIC50): 55), MIC90: Var(55
    fusidic-acid:  Sens

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR ENTEROCLOSTER BOLTEAE
  • Haas2020 - Reclassification of the Clostridium clostridioforme and Clostridium sphenoides clades as Enterocloster gen. nov. and Lacrimispora gen. nov., including reclassification of 15 taxa.
  • Feng2015 - Gut microbiome development along the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence
  • Chen2020 - Structural and Functional Characterization of the Gut Microbiota in Elderly Women With Migraine
  • DeAngelis2013 - Fecal microbiota and metabolome of children with autism and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified
  • Hu2019 - The Gut Microbiome Signatures Discriminate Healthy From Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients
  • Huang2019a - Metagenome-wide association study of the alterations in the intestinal microbiome composition of ankylosing spondylitis patients and the effect of traditional and herbal treatment
  • Li2012 - Molecular-phylogenetic characterization of the microbiota in ulcerated and non-ulcerated regions in the patients with Crohn's disease
  • Qin2012 - Metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes
  • Song2004b - Real-time PCR quantitation of clostridia in feces of autistic children
  • Ventura2019 - Gut microbiome of treatment-naïve MS patients of different ethnicities early in disease course
  • Luna2016 - Distinct Microbiome-Neuroimmune Signatures Correlate With Functional Abdominal Pain in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder.
  • Goldstein2018a - Comparative In Vitro Activities of Relebactam, Imipenem, the Combination of the Two, and Six Comparator Antimicrobial Agents against 432 Strains of Anaerobic Organisms, Including Imipenem-Resistant Strains.
  • Goldstein2014 - Comparative in vitro activities of SMT19969, a new antimicrobial agent, against 162 strains from 35 less frequently recovered intestinal Clostridium species: implications for Clostridium difficile recurrence.
  • Goldstein2013b - Comparative in vitro activities of GSK2251052, a novel boron-containing leucyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor, against 916 anaerobic organisms.
  • Tyrrell2012 - In vitro activity of TD-1792, a multivalent glycopeptide-cephalosporin antibiotic, against 377 strains of anaerobic bacteria and 34 strains of Corynebacterium species.
  • Goldstein2006c - Comparative in vitro susceptibilities of 396 unusual anaerobic strains to tigecycline and eight other antimicrobial agents.
  • Song2003 - Clostridium bolteae sp. nov., Isolated from Human Sources.
  • Rainey2011gBergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Clostridiaceae, Genus I. Clostridium - Cluster XIVa
  • Yu2015 - Metagenomic analysis of faecal microbiome as a tool towards targeted non-invasive biomarkers for colorectal cancer
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR ENTEROCLOSTER BOLTEAE
  • Almeida2019 - A new genomic blueprint of the human gut microbiota.
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Chen2020 - Structural and Functional Characterization of the Gut Microbiota in Elderly Women With Migraine
  • Chen2020a - Featured Gut Microbiomes Associated With the Progression of Chronic Hepatitis B Disease
  • Dubinkina2017 - Links of gut microbiota composition with alcohol dependence syndrome and alcoholic liver disease
  • Hu2019 - The Gut Microbiome Signatures Discriminate Healthy From Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients
  • Jeong2021 - The effect of taxonomic classification by full-length 16S rRNA sequencing with a synthetic long-read technology
  • Jie2017 - The gut microbiome in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
  • King2019 - Baseline human gut microbiota profile in healthy people and standard reporting template.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • LeChatelier2013 - Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers
  • McLaughlin2010 - The bacteriology of pouchitis: a molecular phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene cloning and sequencing.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • Nielsen2014 - MetaHIT Consortium. Identification and assembly of genomes and genetic elements in complex metagenomic samples without using reference genomes.
  • Qin2012 - Metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Rothschild2018 - Environment dominates over host genetics in shaping human gut microbiota.
  • Tyakht2013 - Human gut microbiota community structures in urban and rural populations in Russia.
  • Walker2011 - High-throughput clone library analysis of the mucosa-associated microbiota reveals dysbiosis and differences between inflamed and non-inflamed regions of the intestine in inflammatory bowel disease.
  • Wang2018 - A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in asthma in UK adults
  • Wang2018a - Morphine induces changes in the gut microbiome and metabolome in a morphine dependence model.
  • Wang2020a - Aberrant gut microbiota alters host metabolome and impacts renal failure in humans and rodents
  • Yang2020 - Species-Level Analysis of Human Gut Microbiota With Metataxonomics.
  • Yang2020a - Establishing high-accuracy biomarkers for colorectal cancer by comparing fecal microbiomes in patients with healthy families
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • Zou2019 - 1,520 reference genomes from cultivated human gut bacteria enable functional microbiome analyses.
  • Zupancic2012 - Analysis of the Gut Microbiota in the Old Order Amish and Its Relation to the Metabolic Syndrome.
  • deGoffau2013 - Fecal microbiota composition differs between children with β-cell autoimmunity and those without.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR ENTEROCLOSTER BOLTEAE
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
  • CCUG - Culture Collection University of Gothenburg - Entire Collection
  • Alkhalil2017 - Bacterial involvements in ulcerative colitis: molecular and microbiological studies
    • Added: February 08, 2021