Enterococcus avium

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Enterococcus avium is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, oval-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 11 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 39-40%. Enterococcus avium is probably a common, although minor, coloniser of the gut. (Collins1984; Svec2011Bergey; Rossi2016)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces (especially children) and clinical sources (wound, abscess, blood, infection). The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread. It is an opportunistic pathogen. Is a known gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Collins1984); (Svec2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • aesculin;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • tolerates 4% salt; strain-variable at 6.5(d)%;
  • 💧
  • Bile tolerance:
  • Resistant to 40% bile
  • pH
  • Acidity tolerance:
  • tolerates pH 9.6;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • strain-variable at 10(d); grows at 40℃; grows at 45℃;
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • D-arabinose; fructose; galactose; glucose; mannose; ribose; sorbose; L-sorbose; D-tagatose; amygdalin; cellubiose; gentiobiose; lactose; maltose; D-lyxose; melezitose; trehalose; D-turanose; adonitol; D-arabitol; L-arabitol; dulcitol; mannitol; sorbitol; xylitol; arbutin; 2-ketogluconate; α-methyl glucoside; β-methyl glucoside; N-Ac glucosamine; salicin;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • L-arabinose; rhamnose; sucrose; glycerol; gluconate; methyl mannoside;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • pyruvate;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • hippurate;
  • Active enzymes:
  • β-glucosidase; Leu arylamidase; β-mannosidase; pyrrolidine arylamidase;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent active enzymes:
  • arginine dihydrolase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Collins1984); (Svec2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • H₂S;
  • ✓
  • VP test:
  • active
  • Haemolysis:
  • alpha
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
  • ✗
  • Pigments:
  • not produced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Goldstein2000); (Citron1997);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • penicillin G;
  • ertapenem;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefalexin; cefotetan; cefoxitin;
  • Macrolides:
  • quinupristin-dalfopristin;
  • erythromycin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • minocycline; tigecycline;
  • doxycycline; tetracycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • ciprofloxacin; clinafloxacin; moxifloxacin; sparfloxacin; trovafloxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • gentamicin; streptomycin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • metronidazole;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • linezolid;
  • clindamycin;

  • Littel, K. J., & Hartman, P. A. (1983). Fluorogenic selective and differential medium for isolation of fecal streptococci. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 45(2), 622–627.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Lactobacillales Family:  Enterococcaceae Genus:  Enterococcus Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Oval-shaped Pigment:  neg
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces (especially children) and clinical sources (wound, abscess, blood, infection)
    DNA G+C(%):  39-40
    Low T(℃):  10(d)
    Mid T(℃):  40(+)
    High T(℃):  45(+)
    NaCl 3-5%:  4(+)
    NaCl >6%:  6.5(d)
    pH >8:  9.6(+)
    Bile reaction(%):  40(+)
    		Aesculin:  + Urea:  neg Starch:  neg Arginine:  neg Hippurate:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    D-Arabinose:  + L-Arabinose:  d Fructose:  + Fucose:  neg D-Fucose:  neg Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + D-Lyxose:  + Rhamnose:  d Ribose:  + Sorbose:  + L-Sorbose:  + D-Tagatose:  + Xylose:  neg L-Xylose:  vr Cellubiose:  + Gentiobiose:  + Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Melezitose:  d(+) Melibiose:  neg Sucrose:  d Trehalose:  + Turanose:  + Amygdalin:  + Dextrin:  neg Glycogen:  neg Inulin:  neg Starch:  neg Adonitol:  + D-Arabitol:  + L-Arabitol:  + Dulcitol:  + Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  d Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  + Sorbitol:  + Xylitol:  + Arbutin:  + Gluconate:  d 2-Ketogluconate:  + 5-Ketogluconate:  vr Me-α-D-Glc:  + Me-α-D-Mann:  d Me-Xyloside:  neg NAc-α-GA:  + Salicin:  +
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Melibiose:  neg Hippurate:  d Pyruvate:  +
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Catalase:  neg Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  vr α-Galactosidase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  neg β-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucuronidase:  neg β-Mannosidase:  + ArgDH:  d(neg) AlaPheProAA:  neg LeuAA:  + PyrrolidAA:  + AlkalineP:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		H2S:  + Pigment:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    Augmentin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.12->32)
    ampicillin:  Var(MIC50): >1, MIC90: >16, RNG: (1->16)
    penicillin:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.12->32)
    penicillin_G:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 2, RNG: (≤0.015–2)
    piper-taz:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.5->128)
    ertapenem:  R(MIC50): >8, MIC90: >16, RNG: (0.5->16)
    imipenem:  Var(MIC50): >4, MIC90: >16, RNG: (0.03->16)
    cefalexin:  R(>32/>32)
    cefotetan:  R(MIC50): >128, MIC90: >128, RNG: (4–>128)
    cefoxitin:  R(MIC50): 32, MIC90: >128, RNG: (2–>128)
    gentamicin:  R(MIC50): >500, MIC90: >1000, RNG: (≤500->1000)
    streptomycin:  R(MIC50): >1000, MIC90: >2000, RNG: (≤1000->2000)
    azithromycin:  Var(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.06–>32)
    erythromycin:  R(MIC50): >8, MIC90: >64, RNG: (≤0.12->64)
    fidaxomicin:  Var(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 8, RNG: (2-16)
    quin-dalf:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.5-4)
    telithromycin:  Var(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 8, RNG: (≤0.12->16)
    linezolid:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (1-2)
    ciprofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.5-2)
    clinafloxacin:  S(0.06/2)
    levofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 32, RNG: (≤0.25->64)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.06–0.5)
    ofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 4, RNG: (2-4)
    sparfloxacin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.5-1)
    trovafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.12-0.5)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  R(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.25-32)
    minocycline:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 4, RNG: (≤0.06->8)
    tetracycline:  R(MIC50): 32, MIC90: 64, RNG: (0.5->128)
    tigecycline:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.06-0.12)
    teicoplanin:  Var(MIC50): >0.5, MIC90: >16, RNG: (≤0.12->16)
    vancomycin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.25->64)
    metronidazole:  R(MIC50): >1024, MIC90: >1024, RNG: (>1024-?)
    SXT:  Var(MIC50): ≤0.5, MIC90: 4
    co-trimoxazole:  Var(MIC50): >0.5, MIC90: >2, RNG: (≤0.5->2)
    clindamycin:  R(MIC50): >16, MIC90: >16, RNG: (≤0.12->16)
    daptomycin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.03-8)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR ENTEROCOCCUS AVIUM
  • Collins1984 - Enterococcus avium nom. rev., comb. nov.: E. casseliflavus nom. rev., comb. nov.: E. durans nom. rev., comb. nov.: E. gallinarum comb. nov.: and E. malodoratus sp. nov.
  • Svec2011Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Enterococcaceae, Genus I. Enterococcus
  • Rossi2016 - Mining metagenomic whole genome sequences revealed subdominant but constant Lactobacillus population in the human gut microbiota.
  • Gao2020 - Functional Microbiomics Reveals Alterations of the Gut Microbiome and Host Co-Metabolism in Patients With Alcoholic Hepatitis
  • Goldstein2000 - Comparative in vitro activities of GAR-936 against aerobic and anaerobic animal and human bite wound pathogens.
  • Citron1997 - Comparative in vitro activities of trovafloxacin (CP-99,219) against 221 aerobic and 217 anaerobic bacteria isolated from patients with intra-abdominal infections.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR ENTEROCOCCUS AVIUM
  • Benno1984 - The intestinal microflora of infants: composition of fecal flora in breast-fed and bottle-fed infants.
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Favier2002 - Molecular monitoring of succession of bacterial communities in human neonates.
  • Hu2019 - The Gut Microbiome Signatures Discriminate Healthy From Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • Pfleiderer2013 - Culturomics identified 11 new bacterial species from a single anorexia nervosa stool sample.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Woodmansey2004 - Comparison of compositions and metabolic activities of fecal microbiotas in young adults and in antibiotic-treated and non-antibiotic-treated elderly subjects.
  • Zou2019 - 1,520 reference genomes from cultivated human gut bacteria enable functional microbiome analyses.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR ENTEROCOCCUS AVIUM
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
    • Added: April 08, 2021