Enterococcus casseliflavus

(aka Streptococcus casseliflavus)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Enterococcus casseliflavus, (aka Streptococcus casseliflavus), is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, motile, coccus bacterium. It has been detected in at least 15 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 40.5-44.9%. Enterococcus casseliflavus is a common gut coloniser. (Collins1984; Mundt1968; VanHorn1998; Svec2011Bergey; Terekhov2018; Rossi2016)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces and clinical sources (blood, urine, abscess). The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread. It is an opportunistic pathogen. Is a known gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Collins1984); (Mundt1968); (VanHorn1998); (Svec2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • aesculin; arginine; hippurate;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent hydrolysis or digestion:
  • milk;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • tolerates 6.5% salt;
  • 💧
  • Bile tolerance:
  • Resistant to 5% bile
  • pH
  • Acidity tolerance:
  • tolerates pH 5; tolerates pH 9.6;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • grows at 10℃; growth at 45(vr) is variable;
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • fructose; galactose; glucose; mannose; ribose; xylose; amygdalin; dextrin; inulin; starch; cellubiose; gentiobiose; lactose; maltose; melezitose; melibiose; raffinose; sucrose; trehalose; arbutin; α-methyl glucoside; β-methyl glucoside; N-Ac glucosamine; salicin;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • D-tagatose; mannitol;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • melibiose; citrate;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • pyruvate;
  • Active enzymes:
  • alkaline phosphatase; acid phosphatase; N-Ac β-glucosaminidase; α-galactosidase; β-galactosidase; α-glucosidase; β-glucosidase; β-glucuronidase; Leu arylamidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Collins1984); (Mundt1968); (Svec2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • H₂S;
  • ✓
  • VP test:
  • active
  • Haemolysis:
  • alpha
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
  • Pigments:
  • produced (variable)
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (VanHorn1998); (Citron1997);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • ertapenem;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefalexin; cefotetan; cefoxitin;
  • Macrolides:
  • erythromycin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • doxycycline; minocycline; tigecycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • clinafloxacin; garenoxacin; sparfloxacin; trovafloxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • gentamicin; streptomycin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • linezolid;
  • clindamycin;

  • Gelsomino, R., Vancanneyt, M., Cogan, T. M., & Swings, J. (2003). Effect of raw-milk cheese consumption on the enterococcal flora of human feces. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69(1), 312–319.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Lactobacillales Family:  Enterococcaceae Genus:  Enterococcus Alt. name:  Streptococcus casseliflavus Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Coccus Pigment:  + (variable)
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces and clinical sources (blood, urine, abscess)
    DNA G+C(%):  40.5-44.9
    Low T(℃):  10(+)
    High T(℃):  45(vr)
    NaCl >6%:  6.5(+)
    pH 4.2-5.9:  5(+)
    pH >8:  9.6(+)
    Bile reaction(%):  5(+)
    		Aesculin:  + Urea:  neg Gelatin:  neg Arginine:  d(+) Hippurate:  d(+) Milk:  curdle
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg D-Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Fucose:  neg D-Fucose:  neg Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + D-Lyxose:  neg Rhamnose:  vr Ribose:  + Sorbose:  neg L-Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  d Xylose:  + L-Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  + Gentiobiose:  + Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Melezitose:  + Melibiose:  + Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + Turanose:  neg Amygdalin:  + Dextrin:  + Glycogen:  vr Inulin:  + Starch:  + Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  neg Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  d(neg) Sorbitol:  vr Xylitol:  neg Arbutin:  + Gluconate:  neg 2-Ketogluconate:  vr 5-Ketogluconate:  vr Me-α-D-Glc:  + Me-α-D-Mann:  neg Me-Xyloside:  neg NAc-α-GA:  + Salicin:  +
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Melibiose:  + Hippurate:  neg Acetate:  neg Citrate:  + Lactate:  neg Propionate:  neg Pyruvate:  d D-Tartrate:  neg L-Tartrate:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Catalase:  neg Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  + α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  + β-Galactosidase:  + α-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucuronidase:  + α-Mannosidase:  neg β-Mannosidase:  vr ArgDH:  neg ArgDC:  neg OrnDC:  neg AlaPheProAA:  neg LeuAA:  + PyrrolidAA:  neg AlkalineP:  + AcidP:  + Esterase(C4):  neg EstLip(C8):  neg Lipase(C14):  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		H2S:  neg Pigment:  + (variable)
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    Augmentin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.12->32)
    ampicillin:  Var(MIC50): >4, MIC90: >16, RNG: (<0.12->16)
    piper-taz:  Var(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.5–64)
    ertapenem:  R(MIC50): >8, MIC90: >16, RNG: (0.5->16)
    imipenem:  Var(MIC50): >4, MIC90: >16, RNG: (0.03->16)
    cefalexin:  R(>32/>32)
    cefotetan:  R(MIC50): >128, MIC90: >128, RNG: (4–>128)
    cefoxitin:  R(MIC50): 32, MIC90: >128, RNG: (2–>128)
    gentamicin:  R(MIC50): >500, MIC90: >1000, RNG: (≤500->1000)
    streptomycin:  R(MIC50): >1000, MIC90: >2000, RNG: (≤1000->2000)
    erythromycin:  R(MIC50): >16, MIC90: >16, RNG: (≤0.12->16)
    quin-dalf:  Var(MIC50): >2, MIC90: >2, RNG: (≤0.25->2)
    telithromycin:  Var(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 8, RNG: (≤0.12->16)
    linezolid:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.25->8)
    ciprofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): >2, MIC90: >16, RNG: (0.06->16)
    clinafloxacin:  S(0.06/2)
    garenoxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.125-0.5)
    levofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.25-2)
    moxifloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: >4
    ofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 8, RNG: (2-8)
    sparfloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.5-1)
    trovafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.015–1)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.12-0.25)
    minocycline:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (0.06-0.12)
    tetracycline:  Var(MIC50): >4, MIC90: >8, RNG: (<4->8)
    tigecycline:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (<0.015-0.12)
    teicoplanin:  Var(MIC50): >0.5, MIC90: >16, RNG: (≤0.12->16)
    vancomycin:  Var(MIC50): >2, MIC90: >16, RNG: (0.25->16)
    SXT:  Var(MIC50): ≤0.5, MIC90: 4
    clindamycin:  R(MIC50): >16, MIC90: >16, RNG: (≤0.12->16)
    daptomycin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.03-8)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR ENTEROCOCCUS CASSELIFLAVUS
  • Collins1984 - Enterococcus avium nom. rev., comb. nov.: E. casseliflavus nom. rev., comb. nov.: E. durans nom. rev., comb. nov.: E. gallinarum comb. nov.: and E. malodoratus sp. nov.
  • Mundt1968 - Streptococcus faecium var. casseliflavus , nov. var.
  • VanHorn1998 - Colonization and microbiology of the motile enterococci in a patient population
  • Svec2011Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Enterococcaceae, Genus I. Enterococcus
  • Terekhov2018 - Ultrahigh-throughput functional profiling of microbiota communities.
  • Naser2006 - Reclassification of Enterococcus flavescens Pompei et al. 1992 as a later synonym of Enterococcus casseliflavus (ex Vaughan et al. 1979) Collins et al. 1984 and Enterococcus saccharominimus Vancanneyt et al. 2004 as a later synonym of Enterococcus italicus Fortina et al. 2004.
  • Rossi2016 - Mining metagenomic whole genome sequences revealed subdominant but constant Lactobacillus population in the human gut microbiota.
  • DeAngelis2013 - Fecal microbiota and metabolome of children with autism and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified
  • Citron1997 - Comparative in vitro activities of trovafloxacin (CP-99,219) against 221 aerobic and 217 anaerobic bacteria isolated from patients with intra-abdominal infections.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR ENTEROCOCCUS CASSELIFLAVUS
  • Almeida2019 - A new genomic blueprint of the human gut microbiota.
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • De2020 - Metagenomic analysis of gut microbiome and resistome of diarrheal fecal samples from Kolkata, India, reveals the core and variable microbiota including signatures of microbial dark matter.
  • Dubinkina2017 - Links of gut microbiota composition with alcohol dependence syndrome and alcoholic liver disease
  • Forster2019 - A human gut bacterial genome and culture collection for improved metagenomic analyses.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • Pandey2012 - Comparative analysis of fecal microflora of healthy full-term Indian infants born with different methods of delivery (vaginal vs cesarean): Acinetobacter sp. prevalence in vaginally born infants.
  • Pfleiderer2013 - Culturomics identified 11 new bacterial species from a single anorexia nervosa stool sample.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Tyakht2013 - Human gut microbiota community structures in urban and rural populations in Russia.
  • Yang2020 - Species-Level Analysis of Human Gut Microbiota With Metataxonomics.
  • Yang2020a - Establishing high-accuracy biomarkers for colorectal cancer by comparing fecal microbiomes in patients with healthy families
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • Zou2019 - 1,520 reference genomes from cultivated human gut bacteria enable functional microbiome analyses.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR ENTEROCOCCUS CASSELIFLAVUS
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
    • Added: April 08, 2021