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N/A
Enterococcus faecium is a commensal bacterium of the human gastrointestinal tract and an important nosocomial pathogen, particularly through its ability to develop resistance to multiple antibiotics, including vancomycin. Strain Aus0004 belongs to MLST group ST17, a member of clonal complex 17 (CC17), which also represents the majority of E. faecium strains isolated from hospitals globally. Strains belonging to CC17 are proposed to possess particular traits for enhancing persistence in the health care environment, including acquiring ampicillin and quinolone resistance, and a pathogenicity island that commonly harbors the esp gene encoding the putative virulence factor enterococcal surface protein. [UP000007591]
This strain is a marketed probiotic. Research conducted has trace complete pathways for amino acid synthesis viz. valine, lysine, and methionine. These are among the essential amino acids and need to be supplied exogenously. Vitamins such as folate and thiamine are the components of Vitamin-B and are considered as essential nutrients for humans. Folate (folic acid) cannot be synthesized by human cells and hence is necessary to be supplemented exogenously as it plays important role in DNA and RNA synthesis and amino acid metabolism. Thus, strains (T110 and 17OM39) producing such amino acids and vitamins are considered beneficial for human use. [https://doi.org/10.1101/295881] E. faecium is widely and extensively studied for its leading cause of nosocomial infections in humans. It is a gut commensal and acts as opportunistic pathogen due to a variety of virulence factors, including lipopolysaccharides and biofilm formation. Their pathogenic nature is evident in urinary tract infections, endocarditis, and surgical wound infection, displaying its capability of causing a wide range of infections. Another remarkable character of E. faecium is its tolerance to many antimicrobial drugs. It has also acquired antibiotic-resistance gene against vancomycin and a multidrug resistance beta-lactamase gene. On the contrary, few strains commensal in human gut provide beneficial effect to humans as probiotics, few are responsible for nosocomial infection and few as non-pathogens. [https://doi.org/10.1101/295881]
Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis are the two enterococci most frequently causing human infections, however vancomycin resistance has become increasingly common predominately in E. faecium. Vancomycin resistance is conferred by the presence of one of nine different gene clusters, although the majority of VRE strains possess either the vanA or vanB operon. The United States where vanA-type resistance predominates, vanB-type vancomycin resistant E. faecium are the most important cause of VRE infections in Australia. Outbreaks have been shown to occur in clinical enviornments. [PMID: 24004955] Enterococci are part of the human gastrointestinal tract microbiota but some species within the genus are also significant opportunistic nosocomial pathogens. Enterococcal infections can be difficult to treat because of their intrinsic and acquired resistance to many classes of antibiotics, including what are often considered last-line agents such as vancomycin and daptomycin. This strain is characterized as a 2009 vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) bloodstream isolate. [PMID: 24004955] The GenBank sequence for assembly ID is from WGS Sequence Set.
Enterococcus faecium is a commensal bacterium of the human gastrointestinal tract and an important nosocomial pathogen, particularly through its ability to develop resistance to multiple antibiotics, including vancomycin. Strain Aus0004 was isolated from the bloodstream of a patient in Melbourne, Australia, in 1998. This strain belongs to MLST group ST17, a member of clonal complex 17 (CC17), which also represents the majority of E. faecium strains isolated from hospitals globally. Strains belonging to CC17 are proposed to possess particular traits for enhancing persistence in the health care environment, including acquiring ampicillin and quinolone resistance, and a pathogenicity island that commonly harbors the esp gene encoding the putative virulence factor enterococcal surface protein. Strain Aus0004 has 3 prophage, and a considerable number of insertion elements, suggesting it has few barriers to the acquisition of exogenous DNA, (adapted from PMID 22366422). [UP000007591]
Finegold, S. M., Howard, R. A., & Vera, L. S. (1974). Effect of diet on human intestinal fecal flora: comparison of Japanese and American diets. Am. J. Clin. Nutr, 27, 1456–1469.
| Lineage | Physiology | General | Growth Tolerances | Hydrol./digest./degr. |
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Health: Unknown
Source: human clinical sources (blood, sputum, wound, urine), veterinary clinical materials, food, the environment, and human faeces
DNA G+C(%): 37-40
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Low T(℃): 10(+)
High T(℃): 45(+)
NaCl >6%: 6.5(+)
pH >8: 9.6(+)
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| Monosaccharide O/F | Oligosaccharide O/F | Polysaccharide O/F | Polyol O/F | Other O/F |
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| Monosaccharide util/assim | Oligosaccharide util/assim | Other carboh. util/assim | Amino acid util/assim | Organic acid util/assim |
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| Enzymes: General | Enzymes: Carbohydrate | Enzymes: Protein | Enzymes: Arylamidases | Enzymes: Esters/fats |
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| Fuel | Usable Metabolites | Metabolites Released | Special Products | Compounds Produced |
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| Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) | Cephalosporins (μg/mL) | Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) | Macrolides (μg/mL) | Quinolones (μg/mL) |
Augmentin: R(MIC50): 32, MIC90: 128, RNG: (0.5->256)
ampicillin: R(MIC50): >64, MIC90: >128, RNG: (4->128)
amp-sulb: R(MIC50): >16, MIC90: >16, RNG: (16–>16)
penicillin: R(MIC50): ≥16, MIC90: ≥16, RNG: (0.12-≥16)
piperacillin: R(MIC50): >64, MIC90: >128, RNG: (8->128)
piper-taz: R(MIC50): >256, MIC90: >256, RNG: (0.5->256)
ertapenem: R(MIC50): >16, MIC90: >16, RNG: (0.12->16)
imipenem: R(MIC50): >128, MIC90: >128, RNG: (8->128)
meropenem: R(MIC50): >128, MIC90: >128, RNG: (16->128)
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cefaclor: R(MIC50): 64, MIC90: >64, RNG: (64->64)
cefalexin: R(>32/>32)
cefdinir: R(MIC50): >128, MIC90: >128, RNG: (64->128)
cefepime: R(MIC50): >128, MIC90: >128, RNG: (4->128)
cefixime: R(MIC50): >64, MIC90: >64, RNG: (>64-?)
cefoperazone: R(MIC50): >64, MIC90: >128, RNG: (4->128)
cefotaxime: R(MIC50): >128, MIC90: >128, RNG: (2->128)
cefotetan: R(MIC50): >128, MIC90: >128, RNG: (4–>128)
cefoxitin: R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (>32)
cefpirom: R(MIC50): >128, MIC90: >128, RNG: (1->128)
cefpodoxime: R(MIC50): >128, MIC90: >128, RNG: (128->128)
ceftazidime: R(MIC50): >128, MIC90: >128, RNG: (16->128)
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gentamicin: R(MIC50): >128, MIC90: >128, RNG: (16->128)
streptomycin: R(MIC50): >1000, MIC90: >2000, RNG: (≤1000->2000)
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erythromycin: R(MIC50): >8, MIC90: >64, RNG: (≤0.12->64)
fidaxomicin: S(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 4, RNG: (2–8)
clarithromycin: S(1.56)
quin-dalf: S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.25-0.25)
roxithromycin: Var(MIC50): 8-16), MIC90: Var(8-16
spiramycin: S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: -, RNG: (0.25-8)
telithromycin: Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.03-8)
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linezolid: S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.5-8)
ciprofloxacin: R(MIC50): >16, MIC90: >16, RNG: (0.25->16)
clinafloxacin: Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 16
garenoxacin: Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.25-64)
gatifloxacin: R(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 32, RNG: (1-65)
gemifloxacin: Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.03-64)
levofloxacin: R(MIC50): 16, MIC90: 32, RNG: (1-67)
moxifloxacin: Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.5-64)
nalidixic-acid: R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (>32-?)
ofloxacin: R(MIC50): 32, MIC90: 128, RNG: (2->128)
trovafloxacin: S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.015–1)
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| Tetracyclines (μg/mL) | Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) | Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) | Heterocycles (μg/mL) | Other (μg/mL) |
doxycycline: Var(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.12-64)
minocycline: Var(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.06-64)
oxytetracycline: RNG: (0.39->100)
tetracycline: R(MIC50): >8, MIC90: >8, RNG: (≤4->8)
tigecycline: S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (≤0.016-2)
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dalbavancin: R(128-)
teicoplanin: S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.12-0.5)
vancomycin: R(MIC50): >128, MIC90: >128, RNG: (25->128)
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bacitracin: R(≤1120-)
rifampicin: R(MIC50): >8, MIC90: >128, RNG: (≤0.008-128)
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chloramphenicol: R(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 16, RNG: (≤0.12->16)
metronidazole: R(MIC50): >512, MIC90: >512, RNG: (256->512)
SXT: Var(MIC50): ≤0.5, MIC90: 4
co-trimoxazole: S(MIC50): >1, MIC90: >1, RNG: (≤0.5->1)
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clindamycin: R(MIC50): >16, MIC90: >16, RNG: (0.25–>16)
daptomycin: Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.03-8)
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