Enterococcus gallinarum

(aka Streptococcus gallinarum)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Enterococcus gallinarum, (aka Streptococcus gallinarum), is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, motile, coccus bacterium. It has been detected in at least 12 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 39-40%. Enterococcus gallinarum is probably a rare gut coloniser. (Collins1984; VanHorn1998; Svec2011Bergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human clinical sources (blood, infection, urine), veterinary clinical materials, food, the environment, and human faeces. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread (notes: human and animal pathogen). It is an opportunistic pathogen. Is a known gut commensal.
    • QUIRKS
  • In 1% of Europeans (unseenbio.com).
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Collins1984); (VanHorn1998); (Svec2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • aesculin; arginine; hippurate;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • tolerates 6.5% salt;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • grows at 10℃; grows at 45℃;
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • arabinose; fructose; galactose; glucose; mannose; ribose; amygdalin; dextrin; starch; cellubiose; gentiobiose; lactose; maltose; melibiose; raffinose; sucrose; trehalose; mannitol; arbutin; β-methyl glucoside; N-Ac glucosamine; salicin;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • melibiose; hippurate;
  • Active enzymes:
  • Ala arylamidase; arginine dihydrolase; N-Ac β-glucosaminidase; α-galactosidase; β-galactosidase; β-glucosidase; Gly arylamidase; Leu arylamidase; Leu-Gly arylamidase; pyrrolidine arylamidase; trypsin;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent active enzymes:
  • Ala-Phe-Pro arylamidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Collins1984); (Svec2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • indole;
  • ✓
  • VP test:
  • active
  • Haemolysis:
  • beta
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
  • ✗
  • Pigments:
  • not produced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (VanHorn1998);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • piperacillin-tazobactam;
  • ertapenem; imipenem;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefalexin;
  • Macrolides:
  • erythromycin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • tigecycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • garenoxacin; gatifloxacin; sparfloxacin;
  • levofloxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • gentamicin; streptomycin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • nitrofurantoin;
  • Vancomycins:
  • teicoplanin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • linezolid;
  • clindamycin;

  • Collins, M. D., Jones, D., Farrow, J. A. E., Kilpper-Balz, R., & Schleifer, K. H. (1984). Enterococcus avium nom. rev., comb. nov.; E. casseliflavus nom. rev., comb. nov.; E. durans nom. rev., comb. nov.; E. gallinarum comb. nov.; and E. malodoratus sp. nov. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 34(2), 220–223.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Lactobacillales Family:  Enterococcaceae Genus:  Enterococcus Alt. name:  Streptococcus gallinarum Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Coccus Pigment:  neg
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human clinical sources (blood, infection, urine), veterinary clinical materials, food, the environment, and human faeces
    DNA G+C(%):  39-40
    Low T(℃):  10(+)
    High T(℃):  45(+)
    NaCl >6%:  6.5(+)
    		Aesculin:  + Urea:  neg Gelatin:  neg Arginine:  + Hippurate:  +
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  + Fructose:  + Fucose:  neg D-Fucose:  neg Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + D-Lyxose:  neg Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  + Sorbose:  neg L-Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  vr Xylose:  neg L-Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  + Gentiobiose:  + Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Melezitose:  vr Melibiose:  + Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + Turanose:  neg Amygdalin:  + Dextrin:  + Glycogen:  neg Inulin:  neg Starch:  d(+) Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  vr Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  + Sorbitol:  vr Xylitol:  neg Arbutin:  + Gluconate:  neg 2-Ketogluconate:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  neg Me-α-D-Glc:  neg Me-α-D-Mann:  neg Me-Xyloside:  neg NAc-α-GA:  + Salicin:  +
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Melibiose:  + Hippurate:  + Pyruvate:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  + α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  + β-Galactosidase:  + α-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucuronidase:  neg β-Mannosidase:  vr ArgDH:  + GluDC:  neg Trypsin:  + AlanineAA:  + AlaPheProAA:  d GluGluAA:  neg GlyAA:  + LeuAA:  + LeuGlyAA:  + PyrrolidAA:  + AlkalineP:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Indole:  neg Pigment:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    Augmentin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.12->32)
    ampicillin:  Var(MIC50): >2, MIC90: >16, RNG: (0.25->16)
    piper-taz:  S(≤2/>32)
    ertapenem:  R(MIC50): >8, MIC90: >16, RNG: (0.5->16)
    imipenem:  R(MIC50): >4, MIC90: >16, RNG: (0.03->16)
    meropenem:  RNG: (15.6-)
    cefalexin:  R(>32/>32)
    gentamicin:  R(MIC50): >500, MIC90: >1000, RNG: (≤500->1000)
    streptomycin:  R(MIC50): >1000, MIC90: >2000, RNG: (≤1000->2000)
    erythromycin:  R(MIC50): >16, MIC90: >16, RNG: (≤0.12->16)
    quin-dalf:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.5->8)
    linezolid:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.25->8)
    ciprofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 2, RNG: (1-4)
    garenoxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.125-32)
    gatifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.25-32)
    levofloxacin:  R(MIC50): >4, MIC90: >4, RNG: (0.06->4)
    moxifloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: >4
    ofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 4, RNG: (2-4)
    sparfloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.25-1)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  Var(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.12-16)
    minocycline:  Var(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.06-32)
    tetracycline:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 128, RNG: (0.25-128)
    tigecycline:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (≤0.016-2)
    teicoplanin:  SensRNG: (0.5-1)
    vancomycin:  Var(MIC50): >1, MIC90: >16, RNG: (0.25->16)
    rifampicin:  RNG: (0.02->128)
    nitrofurantoin:  Sens
    SXT:  Var(MIC50): ≤0.5, MIC90: 4
    clindamycin:  R(MIC50): >16, MIC90: >16, RNG: (≤0.12->16)
    daptomycin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.03-8)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR ENTEROCOCCUS GALLINARUM
  • Collins1984 - Enterococcus avium nom. rev., comb. nov.: E. casseliflavus nom. rev., comb. nov.: E. durans nom. rev., comb. nov.: E. gallinarum comb. nov.: and E. malodoratus sp. nov.
  • VanHorn1998 - Colonization and microbiology of the motile enterococci in a patient population
  • Svec2011Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Enterococcaceae, Genus I. Enterococcus
  • Bojovic2020 - Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis Associated With Altered Production of Short Chain Fatty Acids in Children With Neurodevelopmental Disorders
  • Cassir2015 - Clostridium butyricum Strains and Dysbiosis Linked to Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Neonates
  • Pilon2017 - Purification and characterization of trypsin produced by gut bacteria from Anticarsia gemmatalis.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR ENTEROCOCCUS GALLINARUM
  • Almeida2019 - A new genomic blueprint of the human gut microbiota.
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Cassir2015 - Clostridium butyricum Strains and Dysbiosis Linked to Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Neonates
  • Forster2019 - A human gut bacterial genome and culture collection for improved metagenomic analyses.
  • Hu2019 - The Gut Microbiome Signatures Discriminate Healthy From Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Tyakht2013 - Human gut microbiota community structures in urban and rural populations in Russia.
  • Wang2020a - Aberrant gut microbiota alters host metabolome and impacts renal failure in humans and rodents
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • Zou2019 - 1,520 reference genomes from cultivated human gut bacteria enable functional microbiome analyses.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR ENTEROCOCCUS GALLINARUM
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
  • CCUG - Culture Collection University of Gothenburg - Entire Collection
    • Added: April 08, 2021